Sumeria: Perbedaan antara revisi

[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ubai/hd_ubai.htm "The Ubaid Period (5500–4000 B.C.)" In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (October 2003)]</ref><ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/u/ubaid_culture.aspx "Ubaid Culture", The British Museum]</ref><ref>[http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc63.pdf "Beyond the Ubaid", (Carter, Rober A. and Graham, Philip, eds.), University of Durham, April 2006]</ref> Orang orang prasejarah yang penuh dugaan tersebut dewasa ini disebut sebagai "orang proto-[[Efrat]]" atau "[[Masa Ubaid|Orang Ubaid]]",<ref name="britannica">{{cite web| url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573176/Sumer |title=Sumer (ancient region, Iraq) |publisher= Britannica.com | work=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref> yang diduga berevolusi dari [[kebudayaan Samarra]] dari Mesopotamia Utara ([[Assyria]]).<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/?id=dWuQ70MtnIQC&pg=PA51&dq=samarra+culture#v=snippet&q=%22As%20the%20Samarra%20culture%20spread%20south%2C%20it%20evolved%20into%20the%20Ubaid%20culture%22&f=false | title = Cities, Change, and Conflict: A Political Economy of Urban Life | isbn = 978-0-495-81222-7 | author1 = Kleniewski | first1 = Nancy | last2 = Thomas | first2 = Alexander R | date = 2010-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/?id=tupSM5y9yEkC&pg=PA139&dq=samarra+culture#v=onepage&q=%22cultural%20descendants%20of%20the%20originating%20Samarran%20culture%22&f=false | title = The Near East: Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization" | isbn = 978-0-415-04742-5 | author1 = Maisels | first1 = Charles Keith | year = 1993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/?id=i7_hcCxJd9AC&pg=PA147&dq=ubaid+samarra#v=snippet&q=%22Ubaid%200%20is%20thus%20clearly%20derived%20from%20the%20earliest%20culture%20to%20move%20into%20lower%20mesopotamia%2C%20the%20Samarra%22&f=false | title = Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China | isbn = 978-0-415-10976-5 | author1 = Maisels | first1 = Charles Keith | year = 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&pg=PA505&dq=samarra+culture#v=onepage&q=%22similar%20to%20those%20of%20the%20ubaid%20period%22&f=false | title = A dictionary of archaeology | isbn = 978-0-631-23583-5 | author1 = Shaw | first1 = Ian | last2 = Jameson | first2 = Robert | year = 2002}}</ref> Orang-orang Ubaid ini (meskipun tidak pernah disebut oleh orang Sumeria sendiri) menurut asumsi cendikiawan moderen adalah peradaban yang kokoh perdana di daerah Sumer, mengeringkan rawa-rawa untuk keperluan bercocok tanam, mengembangkan perdagangan, dan membangun industri, termasuk diantaranya tenunan, kerajinan kulit, besi, pertukangan batu dan kerajinan tembikar.<ref name="britannica" />

 

 

Meskipun begitu, beberapa peneliti menyangsikan ide mengenai sebuah bahasa Proto-Efrat atau satu subtrata bahasa. Mereka berpendapat, bahwa bahasa Sumeria awalnya merupakan bahasa para pemburu dan nelayan, yang hidup di rawa-rawa dan [[Arabia Timur|kawasan pantai Arabia Timur]], yang merupakan bagian dari kebudayaan [[Periode Ubaid|bifasial Arabia]].<ref>Margarethe Uepermann (2007), "Structuring the Late Stone Age of Southeastern Arabia" (Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy Volume 3, Issue 2, pages 65–109)</ref> Bukti-bukti sejarah yang lebih bisa diandalkan muncul jauh setelah masa ini; tidak ada satupun penanggalan di daerah Sumer sebelum masa [[Enmebaragesi]] (c. Abad ke-26 SM). Profesor [[Juris Zarins]] meyakini bahwa bangsa Sumeria menetap di sekitar pantai [[Arabia Timur]], yang merupakan Teluk Persia pada masa kini, sebelum tergenang pada akhir Zaman Es.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hamblin |first=Dora Jane |date=May 1987 |title=Has the Garden of Eden been located at last? |url=http://www.theeffect.org/resources/articles/pdfsetc/Eden.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |publisher= |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages= |doi= |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref>