John Whitehurst: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{Infobox person
| name = John Whitehurst
| image = Whitehurst John by Wright of Derby.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = John Whitehurst dilukis oleh [[Joseph Wright]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 10 April 1713
| birth_place = [[Congleton]]
| death_date = 18 Februari 1788
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence = [[Cheshire]]
| other_names =
| known_for = ahli [[geologi]]
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = pembuat jam, ilmuwan
| title =
| salary =
| networth =
| height =
| weight =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| boards =
| religion =
| spouse = Elizabeth Gretton
| partner =
| children = tidak ada
| parents =
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| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| nationality = {{BRI}}
}}
'''John Whitehurst''' [[Royal Society|FRS]] ({{lahirmati|[[Congleton]], [[Cheshire]], [[Inggris]]|10|4|1713|[[Inggris]]|18|2|1788}}), dari [[Cheshire]], [[Inggris]], adalah seorang pembuat jam dan ilmuwan, juga memberikan kontribusi awal yang cukup berjasa pada ilmu [[geologi]]. Ia adalah anggota berpengaruh di [[Lunar Society]].
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Sekitar 1736 Whitehurst memulai usaha sendiri di Derby, yang mana ia kemudian mendapat banyak pekerjaan, yang membedakan dirinya dari yang lain dengan membuat peralatan mekanik yang berbeda. Berbeda dengan pekerjaan lainnya ia membuat jam untuk balai kota, dan sebagai penghargaan ia mendapat gelar "burgess" pada 6 September 1737. Ia juga membuat [[termometer]], [[barometer]], dan beberapa peralatan ilmu pengetahuan lainnya, serta ia amat tertarik merancang peralatan yang berhubungan dengan air. Di hampir semua pekerjaan khusus di Derbyshire ia nyaris selalu terlibat sebagai konsultan, terutama terkait pekerjaan yang memerlukan keahlian [[mekanika]], [[pneumatik]], dan [[hidraulik]].
 
Tahun 1774, Whitehurst mendapatkan posisi di [[Royal Mint]], [[London]]. Tahun 1775, pada proses pembuatan pengamanan yang lebih baik untuk uang koin emas, tanpa ada halangan ia ditunjuk untuk pembuatan mesin pencetak uang atas rekomendasi Adipati Newcastle.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web | title = Industrial Revolution: A Documentary History | url = http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/digital_guides/industrial_revolution/brief%20chronology.aspx | accessdate = 2008-04-25}}</ref> Whitehurst pindah ke London, di mana sisa hidupnya dilewati untuk mengejar ilmu pengetahuan, dan di mana rumahnya di Colt Court, Fleet Street (sebelumnya menjadi tempat tinggal [[James Ferguson (1710–1776)|James Ferguson]]) sering dikunjungi ilmuwan-ilmuwan terkenal.
 
Tahun 1778 Whitehurst mempublikasikan teori tentang strata geologi di ''Sebuah Penelitian dalam Bentuk Asli dan Formasi Bumi'' (''An Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth''). Rencana semula untuk pekerjaan ini, yang sudah mulai dilakukan sejak ia tinggal di Derby, adalah untuk menyiapkan penemuan mineral berharga di bawah permukaan Bumi. Ia mengupayakan risetnya dengan terlalu bersemangat sehingga mempengaruhi kesehatannya.
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== Tulisan pilihan ==
 
* {{en}} {{cite book | author = Whitehurst, John | title = An Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth | year = 1778 | publisher = J. Cooper | location = London | url = http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?resource=1645 | isbn = 0405104650 }}
* {{en}} {{cite book | author = Whitehurst, John | title = An AttemptInquiry Towardsinto Obtainingthe InvariableOriginal Measures of Length, Capacity,State and Weight, From the Mensuration of Time, IndependentFormation of the MechanicalEarth Operations|year Requisite= to1778 Ascertain|publisher the= CenterJ. of Oscillation, or the True Length of PendulumsCooper | yearlocation = London 1787| publisherurl = Whttp://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org. Bentuk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?resource=1645 | locationisbn = London0405104650 }}
* {{en}} {{cite book |author = Whitehurst, John |title = An Attempt Towards Obtaining Invariable Measures of Length, Capacity, and Weight, From the Mensuration of Time, Independent of the Mechanical Operations Requisite to Ascertain the Center of Oscillation, or the True Length of Pendulums |year = 1787|publisher = W. Bent |location = London}}
 
== Referensi ==
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== Bacaan selanjutnya ==
 
* {{en}} {{cite book | author = Craven, Maxwell | title = John Whitehurst of Derby: Clockmaker and Scientist 1713-88 | year = 1996 | publisher = Ashbourne | location = Derbyshire | isbn = 0952327031}}
* {{en}} {{cite journalbook | author = FordCraven, Trevor D.Maxwell | title = John Whitehurst (1713–1788)of Derby: Philosopher, Geologist, HorologistClockmaker and EngineerScientist | journal = Geology Today1713-88 | year = 20021996 | volumepublisher = 18Ashbourne | pageslocation = 100&ndash;107Derbyshire | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2451.2002.00342.x | issueisbn =3 0952327031}}
* {{en}} {{cite journal | author = GracianoFord, AndrewTrevor D. | title = "The Book of Nature is Open toJohn AllWhitehurst Men"(1713–1788): GeologyPhilosopher, Geologist, MiningHorologist and History in Joseph Wright’s Derbyshire LandscapesEngineer | journal = TheGeology Huntington Library QuarterlyToday | year = 20052002 | volume = 6818 | pages = 583–600100&ndash;107 | url = http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/hlq.2005.68.4.583 | doi = 10.15251046/hlqj.20051365-2451.682002.400342.583x | issue =3 4}}
* {{en}} {{cite bookjournal | author = Graciano, Andrew | title = Visualising"The theBook Unseen,of ImaginingNature theis Unknown,Open Perfectingto theAll NaturalMen": ArtGeology, Mining and ScienceHistory in theJoseph 18thWright’s andDerbyshire 19th CenturiesLandscapes |journal = The Huntington Library Quarterly |year = 20082005 |volume publisher= 68 |pages = Cambridge583–600 Scholars|url Publishing= http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/hlq.2005.68.4.583 |doi isbn= 10.1525/hlq.2005.68.4.583 |issue = 18471854284}}
* {{en}} {{cite book | author = HuttonGraciano, C.Andrew | title = Visualising Thethe WorksUnseen, ofImagining Johnthe WhitehurstUnknown, F.R.S.,Perfecting withthe MemoirsNatural: ofArt hisand LifeScience in the 18th and Writings19th Centuries | locationyear = London2008 |publisher = W.Cambridge BentScholars Publishing | yearisbn = 17921847185428}} - [http://openlibrary.org/b/OL6534792M/works-of-John-Whitehurst%2C-F.R.S. Table of contents]
* {{en}} {{cite book |author = Hutton, C. |title = The Works of John Whitehurst, F.R.S., with Memoirs of his Life and Writings |location = London |publisher = W. Bent |year = 1792}} - [http://openlibrary.org/b/OL6534792M/works-of-John-Whitehurst%2C-F.R.S. Table of contents]
 
== Pranala luar ==
 
* {{en}} {{cite web | author = Dick, Malcolm | title = John Whitehurst: Clockmaker, Engineer and Geologist | url = http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?theme=56&originator=%2Fengine%2Ftheme%2Fdefault%2Easp&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=166&text=0&resource=3722 | accessdate = 2008-04-25 }}
 
{{Museum Derby}}