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{{About|the 20th century war|other Sino-Vietnamese wars in general|Sino-Vietnamese War (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Sino-Vietnamese War<br /><small>(Third Indochina War)</small>
|partof= the [[Third Indochina War]] and the [[Cold War]]
|image=[[File:Vietnamese artillery 1979.jpg|310px]]
|caption=A Vietnamese artillery position firing on Chinese troops on February 23, 1979
|date={{nowrap|February 17{{spaced ndash}}March 16, 1979}}<br />{{nowrap|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=02|day1=17|year1=1979|month2=03|day2=16|year2=1979}})}}
|place=China–Vietnam border
|casus=[[Cambodian–Vietnamese War]]<br />[[Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia]]<br />[[Sino-Soviet split]]
|territory=Small loss of Vietnamese territory along Sino-Vietnamese border to China in [[Cao Bằng Province|Cao Bằng]] and [[Lạng Sơn Province]]s, namely [[Ải Nam Quan|Nam Quan Gate]] and half of [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Bản Giốc Falls]].<ref>Nayan Chanda, "End of the Battle but Not of the War", p. 10. Khu vực có giá trị tượng trưng tinh thần nhất là khoảng 300m đường xe lửa giữa Hữu Nghị Quan và trạm kiểm soát biên giới Việt Nam.</ref><ref name=Nguyen>{{cite web|last1=Nguyen|first1=Can Van|title=Sino-Vietnamese Border Issues|url=http://www.ngo-realm.org/GuomThien/HanNamQuan3.htm|website=NGO Realm|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=NVC>{{cite web|last1=Nguyen|first1=Can Van|title=INTERVIEW ON TERRITORY AND TERRITORIAL WATERS|url=http://www.vlink.com/history/?subaction=showfull&id=1236433066&archive=|website=vlink.com |accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref>
|result= Both sides claim victory
*Chinese withdrawal from Vietnam
*Continued Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia
*[[Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979–90|Continued border clashes between China and Vietnam until 1990]]
|combatant1= {{flag|China}}
|combatant2= {{flag|Vietnam}}
|commander1={{flagicon|China}} [[Deng Xiaoping]]<br />{{flagicon|China}} [[Yang Dezhi]]<br />{{flagicon|China}} [[Xu Shiyou]]
|commander2={{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Tôn Đức Thắng]]<br />{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Lê Duẩn]]<br />{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Văn Tiến Dũng]]<br />{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Đàm Quang Trung]]<br />{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vũ Lập]]
|strength1='''Chinese claim: '''200,000 [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] with 400-550 tanks<ref>Zygmunt Czarnotta and Zbigniew Moszumański, Altair Publishing, Warszawa 1995, ISBN 83-86217-16-2</ref><ref name="Zhang Xiaoming">Zhang Xiaoming, "[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=358806 China's 1979 War with Vietnam: A Reassessment"], ''China Quarterly'', Issue no. 184 (December 2005), pp. 851–874. Actually are thought to have been 200,000 with 400 – 550 tanks. Zhang writes that: "Existing scholarship tends towards an estimate of as many as 25,000 PLA killed in action and another 37,000 wounded. Recently available Chinese sources categorize the PLA’s losses as 6,594 dead and some 21,000 injured, giving a total of 24,000 casualties from an invasion force of 200,000."</ref>
<br />'''Vietnamese claim: '''600,000 [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] infantry and 400 tanks from Kunming and Guangzhou Military Districts
|strength2=70,000–100,000 regular force, 150,000 local troops and militia<ref>King V. Chen (1987): China's War With Việt Nam, 1979. [[Hoover Institution]] Press, Stanford University, page 103</ref>
|casualties1= '''Vietnamese estimate:''' 62,000 casualties, including 26,000 deaths.<ref>Russell D. Howard, [http://www.globalsecurity.org//military/library/report/1999/ocp28.htm ''THE CHINESE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMY: "SHORT ARMS AND SLOW LEGS"''], INSS Occasional Paper 28: ''Regional Security Series'', USAF Institute for National Security Studies, USAF Academy, September 1999</ref><ref name=Tonnesson>{{cite book|last=Tonnesson|first=Bởi Stein|title=Vietnam 1946: How the War Began|publisher=University of California Press|year=2010|isbn=9780520256026|page=2}}</ref>
<br />'''Chinese estimate:'''<br/>6,954–8,531 killed<br/>14,800–21,000 wounded<ref name="Zhang Xiaoming"/><ref name="mil.chinaiiss.org"/><ref name=China>{{Google books |id=R7qNuIJJsNEC |page=413 |title=China at War: An Encyclopedia }}</ref>
<br />238 prisoners<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |page=80 |id=KjMiAAAAMAAJ }} |title=China and international organizations: participation in non-governmental organizations since 1971|first=Gerald|last=Chan|year=1989|edition=illustrated|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195827384|page=80}}</ref><ref name="Military Law Review">{{cite book |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=Okda-jGljS4C |page=72 }} |title=Military Law Review, Volumes 119-122|volume=Volumes 27-100 of DA pam|first=|last=|others=Contributors United States. Dept. of the Army, Judge Advocate General's School (United States. Army)|year=1988 |publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army |isbn=|page=72}}</ref>
|casualties2= '''Chinese estimate:''' 30,000 killed<ref name=Tonnesson/>–57,000 soldiers killed and 70,000 militias killed.<ref name="mil.chinaiiss.org"/><br />A Chinese source estimates 50,000 casualties<ref>{{Google books |id=SfSNAgAAQBAJ |page=158 |title=Vietnam }}</ref>
<br />1,636 prisoners<ref name="Chan"/><ref name="Military Law Review"/>
}}
{{Campaignbox Indochina Wars}}
{{Campaignbox Sino-Vietnamese War}}
{{Chinese
|collapse=no
|t= 對越自衛反擊戰
|s= 对越自卫反击战
|showflag=stp
|p=duì yuè zìwèi fǎnjī zhàn
|j=deoi3 jyut6 zi6wai6 faan1 gik1 zin3
|w=tui yüeh tzu-wei fan-chi chan
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|d|ui|4|-|yue|4|-|zi|4|wei|4|-|f|an|3|j|i|1|-|zh|an|4}}
|i={{IPA-yue|dɵ̄y.jỳːt.tɕìwɐ̀i.fángík.tɕɪ̄n|}}
|vie=Chiến tranh biên giới Việt-Trung
}}
The '''Sino-Vietnamese War''' ({{lang-vi|Chiến tranh biên giới Việt-Trung}}; {{zh|s=中越战争|t=中越戰爭|p=Zhōng-Yuè Zhànzhēng}}), also known as the '''[[Third Indochina War]]''', was a brief border war fought between the [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]] in early 1979. China launched the offensive in response to Vietnam's [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invasion and occupation of Cambodia]] in 1978 (which ended the rule of the Chinese-backed [[Khmer Rouge]]).<ref>Concerning US backing, as Henry Kissinger in "On China" (p. 372) noted that "American ideals had encountered the imperatives of geopolitical reality".</ref> Chinese leader [[Deng Xiaoping]] saw this as a Soviet attempt "to extend its evil tentacles to Southeast Asia and...carry out expansion there", which reflected the long-standing [[Sino-Soviet split]].<ref>Kissinger, H. On China, Penguin, New York, p.346</ref> As the former U.S. Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] noted that "[w]hatever the shortcomings of its execution, the Chinese campaign reflected a serious, long-term strategic analysis".<ref>Kissinger, H. On China, Penguin, New York, p. 370.{{verification needed|reason=replaced an "ibid"|date=July 2013}}</ref>
The Chinese entered northern Vietnam and captured some of the cities near the border. On March 6, 1979, China declared that the gate to [[Hanoi]] was open and that their punitive mission had been achieved. Chinese forces retreated back across the Vietnamese border into China. Both China and Vietnam claimed victory in the last of the [[Indochina Wars]] of the 20th century; as Vietnamese troops remained in Cambodia until 1989, it can be said that China failed to achieve the goal of dissuading Vietnam from involvement in Cambodia. Following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the Sino-Vietnamese border was finalized.
China demonstrated to its [[Cold War]] Communist adversary, the [[Soviet Union]], that they were unable to protect their new Vietnamese ally.<ref>{{cite book|last=Elleman|first=Bruce A.|title=Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795-1989|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415214742|page=297}}</ref> Following worsening relations between the Soviet Union and China as a result of the Sino-Soviet split, as many as 1.5 million Chinese troops were stationed along the Soviet-Chinese border, in preparation for a full-scale war.
==Names==
The Sino-Vietnamese War ({{lang-vi|Chiến tranh biên giới Việt-Trung}}) is also known in English as the Third Indochina War, to distinguish it from the [[First Indochina War]], and the [[Vietnam War]], also known as the Second Indochina War.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War: The Last Maoist War |publisher=[[Routledge]] |first=Edward |last=O'dowd |page=4 |isbn=9780415414272 |year=2007}}</ref> The war is also known in Vietnam as the ''War against Chinese expansionism'' (Vietnamese: ''Chiến tranh chống bành trướng Trung Hoa'').<ref>{{cite book|title=Foreign policy and U.S. national security: major postelection issues |first=William W. |last=Whitson |publisher=[[Praeger Publishers|Praeger]] |year=1976 |page=142 |isbn=9780275565404}}</ref>
In China, the war is referred to as the ''Defensive Counterattack against Vietnam'' ({{zh|s=对越自卫反击战|p=Duì Yuè zìwèi fǎnjī zhàn}}).<ref>{{cite book |title=On China |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin Canada]] |first=Henry |last=Kissinger |year=2011 |isbn=9780143179474}}</ref>
==Background==
While the First Indochina War emerged from the complex situation following World War II and the Vietnam War exploded from the unresolved aftermath of political relations with the first, the Third Indochina War again followed the unresolved problems of the earlier wars.<ref>Burns, R.D. and Leitenberg, M. (1984). ''The Wars in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, 1945–1982: A Bibliographic Guide''. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio Information Services, p. xxvi.</ref>
The major [[Allies of World War II|allied victors of World War II]], the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union, all agreed the area belonged to the French.<ref name = "Neale 2001 20">{{Harvnb|Neale|2001|p=20}}.</ref> As the French did not have the means to immediately retake Indochina, the major powers agreed that the British would take control and troops would occupy the south while [[Kuomintang|Nationalist Chinese]] forces would move in from the north.<ref name = "Neale 2001 20"/> Nationalist Chinese troops entered the country to disarm Japanese troops north of the 16th parallel on 14 September 1945. The parallel divided Indochina into Chinese and British controlled zones (See [[Timeline of World War II (1945)]].).<ref>{{Harvnb|Willbanks|2009|p=8}}</ref> The British landed in the south rearming the small body of interned French forces as well as parts of the surrendered Japanese forces to aid in retaking southern Vietnam, as there was not enough British troops immediately available.<ref name = "Neale 2001 20"/>
On the urging of the Soviet Union, Ho Chi Minh initially attempted to negotiate with the French, who were slowly re-establishing their control across the area, although still under British control until hostilities had ceased. Once hostilities had ended the British handed over the territory to the French.<ref name="Neale 2001 24">{{Harvnb|Neale|2001|p=24}}.</ref> In January 1946, the Viet Minh won elections across central and northern Vietnam.<ref name = "Neale 2001 23_24">{{Harvnb|Neale|2001|pp=23–4}}.</ref> On 6 March 1946, Ho signed an agreement allowing French forces to replace Nationalist Chinese forces, in exchange for French recognition of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a "free" republic within the [[French Union]], with the specifics of such recognition to be determined by future negotiation.<ref>{{Harvnb|Willbanks|2009|p=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vietnamgear.com/March6agreement.aspx |title=Franco-Vietnam Agreement of March 6th, 1946 |publisher=Vietnamgear.com |date=6 March 1946 |accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent2.htm |title=Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Chapter !, Section 2 |publisher=Mtholyoke.edu |accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref> British forces departed on 26 March 1946, leaving Vietnam in the control of the French.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Dennis|title=Troubled days of peace: Mountbatten and South East Asia command, 1945–46|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Inu7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA179|year=1987|publisher=Manchester University Press ND|isbn=978-0-7190-2205-0|page=179}}</ref> The French landed in Hanoi by March 1946 and in November of that year they ousted the Viet Minh from the city.<ref name="Neale 2001 24" /> Soon thereafter, the Viet Minh began a [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] against the French Union forces, beginning the first Indochina War.
===French colonialism and the First Indochina War===
{{Main|First Indochina War}}
Vietnam first became a French colony when France invaded in 1858. By the 1880s, the French had expanded their sphere of influence in Southeast Asia to include all of Vietnam, and by 1893 both [[Laos]] and [[Cambodia]] had become French colonies as well.<ref>Dunnigan, J.F. & Nofi, A.A. (1999). ''Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War''. New York: St. Martins Press, p. 27.</ref> Rebellions against French colonial power were common up to [[World War I]]. The European war heightened revolutionary sentiment in Southeast Asia, and the independence-minded population rallied around revolutionaries such as [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]] and others, including royalists.
Prior to their attack on [[Pearl Harbor]], the Japanese occupied [[French Indochina]], but left civil administration to the [[Vichy France|Vichy French]] administration.<ref>Dunnigan, J.F. & Nofi, A.A. (1999). ''Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War''. New York: St. Martins Press, pp. 27–38.</ref><ref name="Hood, S.J. 1992 p. 16">Hood, S.J. (1992). ''Dragons Entangled: Indochina and the China-Vietnam War''. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, p. 16.</ref> On 9 March 1945, fearing that the Vichy French were about to switch sides to support the Allies, the Japanese overthrew the Vichy administration and forces taking control of Indochina and establishing their own puppet administration, the [[Empire of Vietnam]]. The Japanese surrender in August 1945 created a power vacuum in Indochina, as the various political factions scrambled for control.<ref>{{cite book|last=Logevall|first=Fredrik|title=Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the making of America's Vietnam|publisher=Random House|year=2012|isbn=978-0-375-75647-4|pages=67–91}}</ref>
The events leading to the First Indochina War are subject to historical dispute.<ref>Burns, R.D. and Leitenberg, M. (1984). ''The Wars in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, 1945–1982: A Bibliographic Guide''. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio Information Services, p.xx.</ref> When the [[Viet Minh]] hastily sought to establish the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]], the remaining French acquiesced while waiting for the return of French forces to the region.<ref name="Hood, S.J. 1992 p. 16"/><ref>Burns, R.D. and Leitenberg, M. (1984). ''The Wars in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, 1945–1982: A Bibliographic Guide''. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio Information Services, p. xx.</ref> The [[Kuomintang]] supported French restoration, but Viet Minh efforts towards independence were helped by Chinese communists under the Soviet Union's power. The Soviet Union at first indirectly supported Vietnamese communists, but later directly supported Hồ Chí Minh.<ref name="Hood, S.J. 1992 p. 13-19">Hood, S.J. (1992). ''Dragons Entangled: Indochina and the China-Vietnam War''. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, p. 13-19.</ref><ref>Chen, Min. (1992). ''The Strategic Triangle and Regional Conflict: Lessons from the Indochina Wars''. Boulder: Lnne Reinner Publications, p. 17-23.</ref> The Soviets nonetheless remained less supportive than China until after the [[Sino-Soviet split]], during the time of [[Leonid Brezhnev]] when the Soviet Union became communist Vietnam's key ally.
The war itself involved numerous events that had major impacts throughout Indochina. Two major conferences were held to bring about a resolution. Finally, on July 20, 1954, the [[Geneva Conference (1954)|Geneva Conference]] resulted in a political settlement to reunite the country, signed with support from China, Russia, and Western European powers.<ref name="Hood, S.J. 1992 p. 13-19"/> While the Soviet Union played a constructive role in the agreement, it again was not as involved as China.<ref name="Hood, S.J. 1992 p. 13-19"/><ref>Chen, Min. (1992). ''The Strategic Triangle and Regional Conflict: Lessons from the Indochina Wars''. Boulder: Lnne Reinner Publications, p. 17-23.</ref> The U.S. did not sign the agreement and swiftly moved to back [[South Vietnam]].
===Sino-Soviet split===
{{Main|Sino-Soviet split}}
The [[Communist Party of China|Chinese Communist Party]] and the Viet Minh had a long history. During the initial stages of the [[First Indochina War]] with France, the recently founded communist People's Republic of China continued the Russian mission to expand communism. Therefore, they aided the Viet Minh and became the connector between Soviets and the Vietminh. In early 1950, The Viet Minh fought independently from the 'Chinese Military Advisory Group' under [[Wei Guoqing]]. This was one of the reasons for China to cut the arms support for the Viet Minh.
After the death of [[Joseph Stalin]] in March 1953, relations between the Soviet Union and China began to deteriorate. [[Mao Zedong]] believed the new Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] had made a serious error in his [[Secret Speech]] denouncing Stalin in February 1956, and criticized the Soviet Union's interpretation of [[Marxism–Leninism]], in particular Khrushchev's support for [[peaceful co-existence]] and its interpretation. This led to increasingly hostile relations, and eventually the [[Sino-Soviet split]]. From here, Chinese communists played a decreasing role in helping their former allies because the Viet Minh did not support China against the Soviets.
Following the death of Mao in September 1976, the overthrow of the [[Gang of Four]] and the ascent of [[Deng Xiaoping]], the Chinese leadership would revise its own positions to become compatible with market aspects, denounce the [[Cultural Revolution]], and collaborate with the US against the Soviet Union.
===Vietnam War===
{{Main|Vietnam War}}
As France withdrew from a provisionally divided Vietnam in late 1954, the United States increasingly stepped in to support the non-communist leaders of South Vietnam due to the [[Domino theory]], which theorized that if one nation would turn to communism, the surrounding nations were likely to fall like dominoes and become communist as well. The Soviet Union and North Vietnam became important allies together due to the fact that if South Vietnam was successfully taken over by North Vietnam, then communism in the far east would find its strategic position bolstered. In the eyes of the People's Republic of China, the growing Soviet-Vietnamese relationship was a disturbing development; they feared an encirclement by the less-than-hospitable Soviet sphere of influence.
The United States and the Soviet Union could not agree on a plan for a proposed 1956 election meant to unify the partitioned Vietnam. Instead, the South held [[State of Vietnam referendum, 1955|a separate election]] that was widely considered fraudulent, leading to continued internal conflict with communist factions led by the [[Viet Cong]] that intensified through the late 1950s. With supplies and support from the Soviet Union, North Vietnamese forces became directly involved in the ongoing [[guerrilla war]] by 1959 and openly invaded the South in 1964.
The United States played an ever-increasing role in supporting South Vietnam through the period. The U.S. had supported French forces in the First Indochina War, sent supplies and military advisers to South Vietnam throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, and eventually took over most of the fighting against both North Vietnam and the Viet Cong by the mid-1960s. By 1968, over 500,000 American troops were involved in the Vietnam War. Due to a lack of clear military success and facing [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|increasingly strident opposition]] to the war in the U.S., American forces began a slow withdrawal in 1969 while attempting to [[Vietnamization|bolster South Vietnam's military]] so that they could take over the fighting. In accordance with the [[Paris Peace Accords]] by 29 March 1973 all U.S. combat forces had left South Vietnam, however North Vietnamese combat forces were allowed to remain in place. North Vietnam [[1975 Spring Offensive|attacked South Vietnam]] in early 1975 and [[Fall of Saigon|South Vietnam fell]] on 30 April 1975.
The People's Republic of China started talks with the United States in the early 1970s, culminating in high level meetings with [[Henry Kissinger]] and later [[Richard Nixon]]. These meetings contributed to a [[People's Republic of China-United States relations#Rapprochement|re-orientation of Chinese foreign policy toward the United States]]. Meanwhile, the People's Republic of China also supported the [[Khmer Rouge]] in [[Cambodia]].
===Cambodia===
{{Main|Cambodian–Vietnamese War}}
Although the Vietnamese Communists and the Khmer Rouge had previously cooperated, the relationship deteriorated when Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot came to power and established [[Democratic Kampuchea]] on 17 April 1975. After [[Cambodian-Vietnamese War|numerous clashes along the border]] between Vietnam and Cambodia, and with encouragement from Khmer Rouge defectors fleeing a purge of the Eastern Zone, Vietnam invaded Cambodia on 25 December 1978. By 7 January 1979 Vietnamese forces had entered Phnom Penh and the Khmer Rouge leadership had fled to western Cambodia.
===China attacks Vietnam===
China, now under Deng Xiaoping, was starting the [[Chinese economic reform]] and opening trade with the West, in turn, growing increasingly defiant of the Soviet Union. On November 3, 1978, the Soviet Union and Vietnam signed a twenty-five year mutual defense treaty, which made Vietnam the "linchpin" in the Soviet Union's "drive to contain China."<ref>[[Robert A. Scalapino|Scalapino, Robert A.]] (1982) "The Political Influence of the Soviet Union in Asia" ''In'' Zagoria, Donald S. (editor) (1982) ''Soviet Policy in East Asia'' Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, page 71.</ref>
On January 1, 1979, Chinese Vice-premier Deng Xiaoping visited the United States for the first time and told American president [[Jimmy Carter]]: "The little child is getting naughty, it's time he be spanked." (original Chinese words: 小朋友不听话，该打打屁股了。).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hkfront.org/wcvcw12.htm|script-title=zh:中共對侵越戰爭八股自辯|language=zh|accessdate=February 23, 2009}}</ref> On February 15, the first day that China could have officially announced the termination of the 1950 [[Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance]], Deng Xiaoping declared that China planned to conduct a limited attack on Vietnam.
The reason cited for the attack was to support China's ally, the Khmer Rouge of Cambodia, in addition to the mistreatment of Vietnam's [[Hoa|ethnic Chinese]] minority and the Vietnamese occupation of the [[Spratly Islands]] which were claimed by China. To prevent Soviet intervention on Vietnam's behalf, Deng warned Moscow the next day that China was prepared for a full-scale war against the Soviet Union; in preparation for this conflict, China put all of its troops along the Sino-Soviet border on an emergency war alert, set up a new military command in [[Xinjiang]], and even evacuated an estimated 300,000 civilians from the Sino-Soviet border.<ref>Chang Pao-min, Kampuchea Between China and Vietnam (Singapore, Singapore University Press, 1985), 88–89.</ref> In addition, the bulk of China's active forces (as many as one-and-a-half million troops) were stationed along China's border with the Soviet Union.<ref>Robert A. Scalapino "Asia in a Global Context: Strategic Issue for the Soviet Union," in Richard H. Solomon and Masataka Kosaka, eds., The Soviet Far East Military Buildup (Dover, MA. , Auburn House Publishing Company, 1986), 28.</ref>
==Order of Battle==
===Chinese forces===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2015}}
[[File:PLA militia stretcher bearer 1979.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|A line-up of Chinese militiamen working as stretcher bearers during the war]]
The Chinese force consisted of units from the [[Kunming]] Military Region (later abolished), [[Chengdu]] Military Region, [[Wuhan]] Military Region (later abolished) and [[Guangzhou Military Region]], but commanded by the headquarters of [[Kunming]] Military Region on the western front and [[Guangzhou Military Region]] in the eastern front.
Some troops engaged in this war, especially engineering units, railway corps, logistical units and antiaircraft units, had been assigned to assist [[North Vietnam]] in its war against [[South Vietnam]] just a few years earlier during the [[Vietnam War]]. Contrary to the belief that over 600,000 Chinese troops entered North Vietnam, the actual number was only 200,000, while 600,000 Chinese troops were mobilized, of which 400,000 were deployed away from their original bases during the one month conflict.{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}
The Chinese troop deployments were observed by U.S. spy satellites. In his state visit to the U.S. in 1979, the Chinese paramount leader Deng Xiaoping was presented with this information and asked to confirm the numbers. He replied that the information was completely accurate. After this public confirmation in the U.S., the domestic Chinese media were finally allowed to report on these deployments.{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}
*[[Guangxi]] Direction (East Front) commanded by the Front Headquarter of [[Guangzhou Military Region]] in [[Nanning]]. Commander-[[Xu Shiyou]], [[Political Commissar]]-[[Xiang Zhonghua]], [[Chief of Staff]]-[[Zhou Deli]]
**North Group: Commander-[[Ou Zhifu]] (Deputy Commander of Guangzhou Military Region)
***[[41st Army (People's Republic of China)|41st Army]] [[Corp Commander|Commander]]-[[Zhang Xudeng]], [[Political Commissar]]-[[Liu Zhanrong]]
****[[121st Division (People's Republic of China)|121st Infantry Division]] Commander-Zheng Wenshui
****[[122nd Division (People's Republic of China)|122nd Infantry Division]] Commander-[[Li Xinliang]]
****[[123rd Division (People's Republic of China)|123rd Infantry Division]] Commander-Li Peijiang
**South Group: Commander-[[Wu Zhong]] (Deputy Commander of Guangzhou Military Region)
***[[42nd Army (People's Republic of China)|42nd Army]] [[Corp Commander|Commander]]-[[Wei Huajie]], [[Political Commissar]]-[[Xun Li]]
****[[124th Division (People's Republic of China)|124th Infantry Division]] Commander-[[Gu Hui]]
****[[125th Division (People's Republic of China)|125th Infantry Division]]
****[[126th Division (People's Republic of China)|126th Infantry Division]]
**East Group: Commander-[[Jiang Xieyuan]] (Deputy Commander of Guangzhou Military Region)
***[[55th Corp (People's Republic of China)|55th Army]] [[Corps Commander|Commander]]-[[Zhu Yuehua]], Temporary [[Political Commissar]]-[[Guo Changzeng]]
****[[163rd Division (People's Republic of China)|163rd Infantry Division]] Commander-[[Bian Guixiang]], [[Political Commissar]]-Wu Enqing, Chief of Staff-[[Xing Shizhong]]
****[[164th Division (People's Republic of China)|164th Infantry Division]] Commander-Xiao Xuchu (also Deputy Commander of 55th Corps)
****[[165th Division (People's Republic of China)|165th Infantry Division]]
***[[1st Artillery Division (People's Republic of China)|1st Artillery Division]]
**Reserve Group (came from [[Wuhan Military Region]] except 50th Corps from [[Chengdu Military Region]]), Deputy Commander-[[Han Huaizhi]] (Commander of 54th Corps)
***[[43rd Corp (People's Republic of China)|43rd Army]] [[Corps Commander|Commander]]-[[Zhu Chuanyu]], Temporary [[Political Commissar]]-[[Zhao Shengchang]]
****[[127th Division (People's Republic of China)|127th Infantry Division]] Commander-[[Zhang Wannian]] (also as the Deputy Commander of 43rd Corps)
****[[128th Division (People's Republic of China)|128th Infantry Division]]
****[[129th Division (People's Republic of China)|129th Infantry Division]]
***[[54th Army (People's Republic of China)|54th Army]] [[Corps Commander|Commander]]-[[Han Huaizhi]] (pluralism), [[Political Commissar]]-Zhu Zhiwei
****[[160th Division (People's Republic of China)|160th Infantry Division]] (commanded by 41st Corp in this war) Commander-[[Zhang Zhixin]], Political Commissar-Li Zhaogui
****[[161st Division (People's Republic of China)|161st Infantry Division]]
****[[162nd Division (People's Republic of China)|162nd Infantry Division]] Commander-[[Li Jiulong]]
***[[50th Army (People's Republic of China)|50th Army]] Temporary [[Corps Commander|Commander]]-[[Liu Guangtong]], [[Political Commissar]]-[[Gao Xingyao]]
****[[148th Division (People's Republic of China)|148th Infantry Division]]
****[[150th Division (People's Republic of China)|150th Infantry Division]]
***[[20th Army (People's Republic of China)|20th Army]] (only dispatched the 58th Division into the war)
****[[58th Division (People's Republic of China)|58th Infantry Division]] (commanded by the 50th Corps during the war)
**[[Guangxi Military Region]] (as a provincial military region) Commander-[[Zhao Xinran]] [[Chief of Staff]]-[[Yin Xi]]
***1st Regiment of Frontier Defense in [[Youyiguan Pass]]
***2nd Regiment of Frontier Defense in [[Baise City|Baise]] District
***3rd Regiment of Frontier Defense in [[Fangcheng District|Fangcheng]] County
***[[The Independent Infantry Division of Guangxi Military Region]]
**[[Air Force of Guangzhou Military Region]] (armed patrol in the sky of [[Guangxi]], did not see combat)
***[[7th Air Force Corps (People's Republic of China)|7th Air Force Corps]]
****[[13th Air Force Division (People's Republic of China)|13th Air Force Division]] (aerotransport unit came from [[Hubei]] province)
**[[70th Antiaircraft Artillery Division (People's Republic of China)|70th Antiaircraft Artillery Division]]
**The 217 Fleet of [[South Sea Fleet]]
**[[8th Navy Aviation Division (People's Republic of China)|8th Navy Aviation Division]]
**[[The Independent Tank Regiment of Guangzhou Military Region]]
**[[83rd Bateau Boat Regiment]]
**[[84th Bateau Boat Regiment]]
*[[Yunnan]] Direction (the West Front) commanded by the Front Headquarter of [[Kunming Military Region]] in [[Kaiyuan, Yunnan|Kaiyuan]]. Commander-[[Yang Dezhi]], [[Political Commissar]]-[[Liu Zhijian]], [[Chief of Staff]]-[[Sun Ganqing]]
**[[11th Army (People's Republic of China)|11th Army]] (consisted of two divisions) [[Corp Commander|Commander]]-[[Chen Jiagui]], [[Political Commissar]]-[[Zhang Qi]]
***[[31st Division (People's Republic of China)|31st Infantry Division]]
***[[32nd Division (People's Republic of China)|32nd Infantry Division]]
**[[13th Army (People's Republic of China)|13th Army]](camed from [[Chengdu Military Region]]) [[Corps Commander|Commander]]-[[Yan Shouqing]], [[Political Commissar]]-[[Qiao Xueting]]
***[[37th Division (People's Republic of China)|37th Infantry Division]]
***[[38th Division (People's Republic of China)|38th Infantry Division]]
***[[39th Division (People's Republic of China)|39th Infantry Division]]
**[[14th Army (People's Republic of China)|14th Army]] [[Corp Commander|Commander]]-[[Zhang Jinghua]], [[Political Commissar]]-[[Fan Xinyou]]
***[[40th Division (People's Republic of China)|40th Infantry Division]]
***[[41st Division (People's Republic of China)|41st Infantry Division]]
***[[42nd Division (People's Republic of China)|42nd Infantry Division]]
**[[149th Division (People's Republic of China)|149th Infantry Division]] (from [[Chengdu Military Region]], belonged to 50th Corps, assigned to Yunnan Direction during the war)
**[[Yunnan Military Region]] (as a provincial military region)
***11th Regiment of Frontier Defense in [[Maguan]] County
***12th Regiment of Frontier Defense in [[Malipo]] County
***13th Regiment of Frontier Defense in
***14th Regiment of Frontier Defense in
***[[The Independent Infantry Division of Yunnan Military Region]] commanded by 11th Army in the war
**[[65th Antiaircraft Artillery Division (People's Republic of China)|65th Antiaircraft Artillery Division]]
**[[4th Artillery Division (People's Republic of China)|4th Artillery Division]]
**[[Independent Tank Regiment of Kunming Military Region]]
**[[86th Bateau Boat Regiment]]
**[[23rd Logistic Branch]] consisted of five army service stations, six hospitals, eleven medical establishments)
**[[17th Automobile Regiment]] commanded by 13th Corps during the war
**[[22nd Automobile Regiment]]
**[[5th Air Force Corps (People's Republic of China)|5th Air Force Corps]]
***[[44th Air Force Division (People's Republic of China)|44th Air Force Division]] (fighter unit)
***Independent unit of [[27th Air Force Division (People's Republic of China)|27th Air Force Division]]
***[[15th Air Force Antiaircraft Artillery Division (People's Republic of China)|15th Air Force Antiaircraft Artillery Division]]
===Vietnamese forces===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Vietnamese cadres showing support to Vietnam People's Army in Hanoi 1979.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Vietnamese people showing support to the war against China in Hanoi 1979.]] -->
The Vietnamese government claimed they only had a force of about 70,000 including several army regular divisions in its northern area. However, the Chinese estimates indicate more than twice this number. Some Vietnamese forces used American military equipment captured during the [[Vietnam War]].
'''[[1st Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)|1st Military Region]]''': commanded by Major General [[Dam Quang Trung]], responsible for the defense at Northeast region.<ref name="vnexpress2">{{cite web|author=|url=http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/thoi-su/35-nam-cuoc-chien-bien-gioi-phia-bac-2950346-p2.html |title=Lực lượng phòng thủ của Việt Nam tại biên giới phía Bắc |publisher=VnExpress |date=2014-02-12 |accessdate=2014-02-16}}</ref>
*Main forces:
**3rd Infantry Division (Golden Star Division), consisted of 2nd Infantry Regiment, 12th Infantry Regiment, 141st Infantry Regiment and 68th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Dong Dang, Van Dang, Cao Loc and Lạng Sơn town of [[Lạng Sơn Province]]
**338th Infantry Division, consisted of 460th Infantry Regiment, 461st Infantry Regiment, 462nd Infantry Regiment and 208th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Loc Binh and Dinh Lap of Lạng Sơn Province
**346th Infantry Division (Lam Son Division), consisted of 246th Infantry Regiment, 677th Infantry Regiment, 851st Infantry Regiment and 188th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Tra Linh, Ha Quang and Hoa An of [[Cao Bằng Province]]
**325th-B Infantry Division, consisted of 8th Infantry Regiment, 41st Infantry Regiment, 288th Infantry Regiment and 189th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Tien Yen and Binh Lieu of [[Quảng Ninh Province]]
**242nd Infantry Brigade, located at coastlines and islands of Quảng Ninh Province
*Local forces:
**At [[Cao Bằng Province]]: 567th Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion, 1 battalion of air defense artillery and 7 infantry battalions
**At [[Lạng Sơn Province]]: 123rd Infantry Regiment, 199th Infantry Regiment and 7 infantry battalions
**At [[Quảng Ninh Province]]: 43rd Infantry Regiment, 244th Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion, 4 battalions of air defense artillery and 5 infantry battalions
*Armed police forces (Border guard): 12th Mobile Regiment at Lang Son, 4 battalions at Cao Bang and Quang Ninh, some companies and 24 border posts
'''[[2nd Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)|2nd Military Region]]''': commanded by Major General [[Vu Lap]], responsible for the defense at Northwest region.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} <ref name="vnexpress2"/>
*Main forces:
**[[316th Infantry Division]] (Bong Lau Division), consisted of 98th Infantry Regiment, 148th Infantry Regiment, 147th Infantry Regiment and 187th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Binh Lu and Phong Tho of [[Lai Châu Province]]
**345th Infantry Division, consisted of 118th Infantry Regiment, 121st Infantry Regiment, 124th Infantry Regiment and 190th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Bao Thang of [[Hoang Lien Son]] province
** 326th Infantry Division, consisted of 19th Infantry Regiment, 46th Infantry Regiment, 541st Infantry Regiment and 200th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Tuan Giao and Dien Bien of Lai Châu Province
*Local forces:
**At [[Ha Tuyen]]: 122nd Infantry Regiment, 191st Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion and 8 infantry battalions
**At [[Hoang Lien Son]]: 191st Infantry Regiment, 254th Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion and 8 infantry battalions
**At [[Lai Châu]]: 193rd Infantry Regiment, 741st Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion and 5 infantry battalions
*Armed police forces (Border guard): 16th Mobile Regiment at [[Hoang Lien Son]], some companies and 39 border posts
In addition, Vietnamese forces were supported by about 50,000 militia at each Military Region
'''[[Vietnam People's Air Force|Air force]]'''
* 372nd Air Division <ref name="m.soha.vn">http://soha.vn/quan-su/luoi-lua-phong-khong-tren-bau-troi-mien-bac-nam-1979-20150131105142012.htm</ref>
** 1 air flight of ten F-5s (captured after Vietnam War)
** 1 air flight of ten A-37s (captured after Vietnam War)
** 1 air flight of seven UH-1s and three UH-7s (captured after Vietnam War)
* 919th Air Transport Regiment<ref name="m.soha.vn"/> responsible for transporting troops
** Several C-130, C-119 and C-47 (captured after Vietnam War
* 371st Air Division <ref>http://m.soha.vn/quan-su/nhung-may-bay-tham-gia-bao-ve-mien-bac-nam-1979-2015012714235613.htm</ref>
** 916th Helicopter Regiment
*** Several Mi-6 and Mi-8
** 918th Air Transport Regiment
** 923rd Fighter Regiment
*** Several MiG-17s and MiG-21
The Vietnam People's Air Force did not participate in the combat directly, instead they provided support to the ground troops, transported troops from Cambodia to northern Vietnam as well as performed reconnaissance purposes.
'''[[Vietnam People's Air Force|Air Defense]]''' <ref name="soha.vn">http://soha.vn/quan-su/chien-tranh-bien-gioi-1979-cuoc-chuyen-quan-than-toc-20150218102449135.htm</ref>
* Northern and Northwestern regions:
** 267th Air Defense Regiment
** 276th Air Defense Regiment
** 285th Air Defense Regiment
** 255th Air Defense Regiment
** 257th Air Defense Regiment
* Northeastern region:
** 274th Air Defense Regiment
==Course of the war==
===Preparation of war===
According to Vietnam,<ref name="ReferenceB">http://soha.vn/quan-su/bien-gioi-phia-bac-1979-30-ngay-khong-the-nao-quen-1-20150216095114962.htm</ref> since January 1979 Chinese forces performed numerous reconnaissance activities across the border and made 230 violations into Vietnamese land. To prepare for a possible Chinese invasion, Central Military Committee of Vietnam Communist Party ordered all armed forces across the border to be on stand-by mode.
===Chinese Engagement===
On February 17, 1979, a [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) force of about 200,000 troops supported by 200 [[Type 59 tank|Type 59]], [[Type 62]], and [[Type 63 light tank|Type 63]] tanks entered northern Vietnam in the PLA's first major combat operation since the end of the [[Korean War]] in 1953.<ref>[http://www.china-defense.com/history/sino-vn_1/sino-vn_1-1.html ChinaDefense.com – The Political History of Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979, and the Chinese Concept of Active Defense]</ref>
The PLA invasion was conducted in 2 directions: western and eastern
* Western direction, commanded by Xu Shiyou, aimed to attack [[Cao Bang]], [[Lang Son]] and [[Quang Ninh]] Provinces:<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
* Eastern direction, commanded by Yang Dezhi, aimed to attack [[Ha Tuyen]], [[Hoang Lien Son]] and [[Lai Châu Province|Lai Chau]] Provinces
===Vietnamese counter-attacks===
Vietnam quickly mobilized all its main forces in Cambodia, southern Vietnam and central Vietnam to northern border. From 18 February to 25 February, the 327th Infantry Division of Military District 3 and the 337th Infantry Division of Military District 4 were deployed to join Military District 1 for the defense of northwestern region. From 6 March to 11 March the Second Corp (Huong Giang Corp) stationed in Cambodia was deployed back to Hanoi
The 372nd Air Division in central Vietnam as well as the 917th, 935th and 937th Air Regiments in southern Vietnam were quickly deployed to the north.<ref name="soha.vn"/>
===Soviet support to Vietnam===
The Soviet Union, although it did not take direct military action, provided intelligence and equipment support for Vietnam.<ref>http://dantri.com.vn/the-gioi/lien-xo-chia-lua-voi-viet-nam-trong-chien-tranh-bien-gioi-the-nao-727510.htm</ref> A large airlift was established by Soviet Union to mobilize Vietnamese troops stationed in Cambodia to Northern Vietnam. Moscow also provided a total of 400 tanks and armored personnel carriers (APCs), 500 mortar artillery and air defense artillery, 50 BM-21 rocket launchers, 400 portable surface-to-air missiles, 800 anti-tank missiles and 20 jet fighters. About 5000 - 8000 Soviet military advisers were present in Vietnam from 8/1979 to mid-1979 to train Vietnamese soldiers.
During the Sino-Vietnamese War, the Soviet Union deployed troops at the Sino-Soviet border and Mongolian-Chinese border as an act of showing support to Vietnam, as well as tying up Chinese troops. However, the Soviets refused to take any direct action to defend their ally.<ref>http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/events/1996_Symposium/96papers/elleviet.php</ref>
The [[Soviet Pacific Fleet]] also deployed 15 ships to the Vietnamese coast to relay Chinese battlefield communications to Vietnamese forces.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kelemen|first=Paul|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2644070|title=Soviet Strategy in Southeast Asia: The Vietnam Factor|journal=[[Asian Survey]]|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|volume=24|issue=3|page=342|date=March 1984|issn=0004-4687|subscription=yes|via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref>
===Fighting===
{{see also|First Battle of Lang Son|Battle of Dong Dang (1979)|Battle of Lao Cai|Battle of Cao Bang (1979)}}
[[File:Chinese tank destroyed in Cao Bang 1979.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Chinese tank destroyed in Cao Bang.]]
The PLA advanced quickly about 15–20 kilometers into Vietnam, with fighting mainly occurring in the provinces of [[Cao Bằng Province|Cao Bằng]], [[Lào Cai Province|Lào Cai]] and [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]]. The Vietnamese avoided mobilizing their regular divisions, and held back some 300,000 troops for the defence of Hanoi. The [[People's Army of Vietnam]] (VPA) tried to avoid direct combat and often used guerrilla tactics.
The initial PLA attack soon lost its momentum and a new attack wave was sent in with eight PLA divisions joining the battle. After [[First Battle of Lang Son|capturing the northern heights above Lang Son]], the PLA surrounded and paused in front of the city in order to lure the VPA into reinforcing it with units from Cambodia. This had been the main strategic ploy in the Chinese war plan as Deng did not want to risk an escalation involving the Soviet Union. The VPA high command, after a tip-off from Soviet satellite intelligence, was able to see through the trap{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}, however, and committed reserves only to Hanoi.
Once this became clear to the PLA, the war was practically over. An assault was still mounted, but the Vietnamese only committed one VPA regiment defending the city.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}} After three days of bloody house-to-house fighting, Lang Son fell on March 6. The PLA then took the southern heights above Lang Son<ref>[[Armchair General (magazine)|Armchair General]] magazine{{Issue missing}}</ref> and occupied [[Sa Pa|Sapa]]. The PLA claimed to have crushed several of the VPA regular units.<ref name="mil.chinaiiss.org">《对越自卫反击作战工作总结》Work summary on counter strike (1979–1987) published by The rear services of Chinese Kunming Military Region</ref>
The PLA now resumed their attacks aimed at the major provincial capitals and key communication centres in the border hinter land. Major battles developed at Cao Bằng, [[Second Battle of Lang Son|Lang Son]], Hoang Lien Son, Lai Chau and Quang Ninh. The aim of these attacks was to draw in the regular VPA formations and inflict heavy attrition on them through classical "meat-grinder" operations. There were fierce attacks and counterattacks; in Lang Son the Chinese launched 17 counterattacks to regain one objective.
By late last week of February, the Vietnamese had still not committed any of their regular divisions which were being held back for the defence of Hanoi. They had also not pulled out any of their 150,000 troops in Cambodia.
===Chinese withdrawal===
On March 6, China declared that the gate to Hanoi was open and that their punitive mission had been achieved. On the way back to the Chinese border, the PLA destroyed all local infrastructure and housing and looted all useful equipment and resources (including livestock), severely weakening the economy of Vietnam's northernmost provinces.<ref name="mil.chinaiiss.org"/> The PLA crossed the border back into China on March 16. Both sides declared victory with China claiming to have crushed the Vietnamese resistance and Vietnam claiming to have repelled the invasion using mostly border militias. Dr. Henry J. Kenny, a research scientist for [[Center for Naval Analyses|CNA]], points out that most western writers agree Vietnam outperformed the PLA on the battlefield.<ref>{{cite book|author=Xiabing Li |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=HClVMlNksQMC |page=436 }} |title=A History of the Modern Chinese Army |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |date= |accessdate=2014-07-09}}</ref>
In response to China's attack, the Soviet Union sent several naval vessels and initiated an arms airlift to Vietnam. However the Soviet Union felt that there was simply no way that they could directly support Vietnam against China; the distances were too great to be an effective ally, and any sort of reinforcements would have to cross territory controlled by China or U.S. allies. The only realistic option would be to restart the [[Sino-Soviet border conflict|unresolved border conflict with China]]. Vietnam was important to Soviet policy but not enough for the Soviets to go to war over. When Moscow did not intervene, Beijing publicly proclaimed that the Soviet Union had broken its numerous promises to assist Vietnam.
==Aftermath==
[[File:Nam quan.JPG|thumb|Nam Quan Gate]]
China and Vietnam each lost thousands of troops, and China lost 3,446 million yuan in overhead, which delayed completion of their 1979–80 economic plan.<ref name="PRC-analysis">"China "Should Learn from its Losses" in the War against Vietnam" from "August 1" Radio, People's republic of China, 1400 GMT, February 17, 1980, as reported by BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 22 February 1980</ref> Following the war, the Vietnamese leadership took various repressive measures to deal with the problem of real or potential collaboration. In the spring of 1979, the authorities expelled approx. 8,000 [[Hoa people]] from Hanoi to the southern "New Economic Zones," and partially resettled the [[Hmong people|Hmong]] tribes and other ethnic minorities from the northernmost provinces. In response to the defection of [[Hoàng Văn Hoan]], a purge was launched to cleanse the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] from pro-Chinese elements and persons who had surrendered to the advancing Chinese troops during the war. In 1979, a total of 20,468 members were expelled from the party.<ref>Balázs Szalontai, Hoàng Văn Hoan và vụ thanh trừng sau 1979. BBC Vietnam, April 15, 2010: http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/vietnam/2010/04/100415_hoangvanhoan.shtml . </ref> Although Vietnam [[Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia|continued to occupy Cambodia]], China successfully mobilized international opposition to the occupation, rallying such leaders as Cambodia's deposed king [[Norodom Sihanouk]], Cambodian anticommunist leader [[Son Sann]], and high-ranking members of the Khmer Rouge to deny the pro-Vietnamese [[Cambodian People's Party]] in Cambodia diplomatic recognition beyond the [[Soviet bloc]]. China improved relations with [[ASEAN]] by promising protection to [[Thailand]] and [[Singapore]] against "Vietnamese aggression". In contrast, Vietnam's decreasing prestige in the region led it to be more [[Russia–Vietnam relations|dependent on the Soviet Union]], to which it leased a naval base at [[Cam Ranh Bay]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The People's Republic, Part 2|first=Roderick|last=MacFarquhar|authorlink=Roderick MacFarquhar|series=[[The Cambridge History of China]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1991|pages=447–449}}</ref> On March 1, 2005, Howard W. French wrote in ''[[The New York Times]]'': Some historians stated that ''the war was started by Mr. Deng (China's then [[Paramount Leader|paramount leader]] Deng Xiaoping) to keep the army preoccupied while he consolidated power...<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/01/international/asia/01malipo.html?pagewanted=2&_r=2&8hpib&oref=slogin|title=Was the War Pointless? China Shows How to Bury It |date= March 1, 2005|work=The New York Times |accessdate=February 28, 2009 | first=Howard W. | last=French}}</ref> ''
===Chinese casualties===
The number of casualties during the war is disputed. Vietnamese source claimed the PLA had suffered 62,500 total casualties, 550 military vehicles, and 115 artillery pieces destroyed;<ref>http://vnexpress.net/customize/chien-tranh-viet-trung/</ref> while Chinese democracy activist [[Wei Jingsheng]] told western media in 1980 that the Chinese troops had suffered 9,000 deaths and about 10,000 wounded during the war.<ref name="9abc.net"/> New leaks from Chinese military sources indicated that China only suffered 6,954 dead.<ref name="Zhang Xiaoming"/><ref name="mil.chinaiiss.org"/><ref>[http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/world/06/10/14/chinas-vietnam-veterans-fighting-new-battle China's Vietnam veterans fighting new battle]</ref>
===Vietnamese casualties===
Like their Chinese counterparts, the Vietnamese government has never announced any information on its actual military casualties. China estimated that Vietnam lost 57,000 soldiers and 70,000 militia members during the war.<ref name="9abc.net">http://www.9abc.net/index.php/archives/71814</ref><ref>《许世友的最后一战》The last fight of General Xu Shiyou, Zhou Deli,Jiangshu People's press , June,1990 http://item.jd.com/1079306076.html</ref><ref>《中越战俘生活实录》 life of war prison camp in 1979 count strike war, Shi Wenying, published by spring breeze literature press in March, 1991.http://item.taobao.com/item.htm?id=18419254762</ref> The official [[Nhân Dân]] newspaper claimed that Vietnam suffered more than 10,000 civilian deaths during the Chinese invasion<ref name="ReferenceA">Xem các nguồn Edward C. O'Dowd, Bùi Xuân Quang, Laurent Cesari, Gilles Férier. P148</ref><ref>http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/thoi-su/35-nam-cuoc-chien-bien-gioi-phia-bac-2950346.html</ref> and earlier on May 17, 1979, reported statistics on heavy losses of industry and agriculture properties.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
===Prisoners===
[[File:Vietnamese soldiers captured by Chinese.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Captured Vietnamese soldiers at a Chinese prison camp.]]
[[File:Chinese POW 1979.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Chinese prisoners guarded by the Vietnamese.]]
The Chinese held 1,636 Vietnamese prisoners and the Vietnamese held 238 Chinese prisoners; they were exchanged in May–June 1979.<ref name="Chan"/><ref name="Military Law Review"/>
The 238 Chinese male soldiers surrendered after getting separated from their main unit during the withdrawal from Vietnam and became surrounded by Vietnamese. After surrendering, they were transferred by the Vietnamese soldiers to a prison. The Chinese prisoners reported that they were subjected to torturous and inhumane treatment, such as being blindfolded and having their bodies bound and restrained with metal wire. Vietnamese women soldiers made up one-third of the guards who held the Chinese male prisoners captive in the prison.<ref>[http://tibet.woeser.com/?p=34974 转:突围——我的中越战争回忆录]</ref>
===Sino-Vietnamese relations after the war===
{{Main|Sino-Vietnamese relations}}{{See also|Battle of the Paracel Islands|Johnson South Reef Skirmish}}
Border skirmishes [[Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979-1990|continued throughout the 1980s]], including a significant skirmish in April 1984 and a naval battle over the Spratly Islands in 1988 known as the [[Johnson South Reef Skirmish]].
Armed conflict only ended in 1989 after the Vietnamese agreed to fully withdraw from Cambodia. Both nations planned the normalization of their relations in a secret summit in Chengdu in September 1990, and officially normalized ties in November 1991.
In 1999 after many years of negotiations, China and Vietnam signed a border pact.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1086867.stm |title=China-Vietnam pact signed |publisher=BBC News |date=2000-12-25 |accessdate=2014-02-16}}</ref> There was an adjustment of the land border, resulting in Vietnam giving China part of its land which were lost during the battle, including the [[Friendship Pass|Ai Nam Quan Gate]] which served as the traditional border marker and entry point between Vietnam and China, which caused widespread frustration within Vietnam. Vietnam's official news service reported the implementation of the new border around August 2001. In January 2009 the border demarcation was officially completed, signed by Deputy Foreign Minister Vu Dung on the Vietnamese side and his Chinese counterpart, [[Wu Dawei]], on the Chinese side.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Both the [[Paracel Islands|Paracel]] (Hoàng Sa: Vietnamese) (Xīshā: Chinese) and Spratly (Trường Sa: Vietnamese) (Nansha: Chinese) islands remain a point of contention.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}
The December 2007 announcement of a plan to build a Hanoi-Kunming highway was a landmark in Sino-Vietnamese relations. The road will traverse the border that once served as a battleground. It should contribute to demilitarizing the border region, as well as facilitating trade and industrial cooperation between the nations.<ref>Greenlees, Donald ''Approval near for Vietnam-China highway'' International Herald Tribune, December 13, 2007</ref>
==In popular culture==
===Chinese media===
There are a number of Chinese songs, movies and T.V. programs depicting and discussing this conflict from the Chinese viewpoint. These vary from the patriotic song "[[Bloodstained Glory]]" originally written to laud the sacrifice and service of the Chinese military, to the 1986 film ''[[The Big Parade (1986 film)|The Big Parade]]'' which carried (as far as possible in China at that time) veiled criticism of the war.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
===Vietnamese media===
The war was mentioned in the film ''Đất mẹ'' (''Motherland'') directed by [[Hải Ninh]] in 1980 and ''Thị xã trong tầm tay'' (''Town at the Fingertips'') directed by [[Đặng Nhật Minh]] in 1982.<ref>12/24/2005, [http://www.tiasang.com.vn/DesktopModules/VietTotal.Articles/PrintView.aspx?ItemID=1501 Cha - con và chiến tranh]</ref> Besides in 1982, a documentary film called ''Hoa đưa hương nơi đất anh nằm'' (''Flowers over Your Grave'') was directed by Truong Thanh, the film told a story of a Japanese journalist who died during the war.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nguyễn Duy Chiến + theo dõi (1225) |url=http://www.tienphong.vn/Van-Hoa/127182/Tham-mot-nha-van-vua-man-han-tu-treo.html |title=Thăm một nhà văn vừa... mãn hạn tù treo |publisher=Tienphong.vn |date= |accessdate=2014-02-16}}</ref>
During the war, there were numerous patriotic songs produced to boost the nationalism of Vietnamese people, including "Chiến đấu vì độc lập tự do" ("Fight for Independence and Freedom") composed by [[Phạm Tuyên]], "Lời tạm biệt lúc lên đường" ("Farewell When Leaving") by Vu Trong Hoi, "40 thế kỷ cùng ra trận" ("40 Centuries We Fought Side By Side") by Hong Dang, "Những đôi mắt mang hình viên đạn" ("The Angry Gaze") by [[Tran Tien]] and "Hát về anh" (Sing for you) by The Hien.
The Sino-Vietnamese War also appeared in some novels such as: ''Đêm tháng Hai'' (''Night of February'') written by Chu Lai in 1979 and ''Chân dung người hàng xóm'' (''Portrait of the Neighborhood'') written by Duong Thu Huong in 1979.
==Lihat Juga==
*[[Perang Dingin]]
*[[Khmer Merah]]
*[[Perang Vietnam-Kamboja]]
*[[Perang Sino-Soviet]]
==Referensi==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Link Luar==
* Security [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/prc-vietnam.htm Analysis of the Sino-Vietnamese War]
*[http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/vietnam/war1979.html Order of Battle]
*[http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1981/sep-oct/linder.htm Air Power in the War]
*G.D.Bakshi: [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-3/bakshi.html The Sino-Vietnam War – 1979: Case Studies in Limited Wars]
===Sumber-Sumber===
*[http://post.news.tom.com/B7000966400.html 外国专家点评中国对越自卫反击战的战略战术 (The PLA's war strategy and tactic in the eye of western experts)]
*[http://news.qq.com/a/20080110/004144.htm 对越自卫反击战：我军大量伤亡原因分析]
{{Perang Dingin}}
{{Konflik RRT}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Perang Dingin]]
== Referensi ==
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