Maoisme: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k Bot: Penggantian teks otomatis (- di masa + pada masa , -Di masa +Pada masa , - di Masa + pada Masa ) |
Rachmat-bot (bicara | kontrib) k clean up |
||
Baris 3:
'''Maoisme''' atau '''Pemikiran Mao Zedong''' ({{zh-sp|s=毛泽东思想|p=Máo Zédōng Sīxiǎng}}), adalah varian dari [[Marxisme-Leninisme]] berasal dari ajaran-ajaran pemimpin [[komunis]] [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] [[Mao Zedong]] ([[Wade-Giles Romanization]]: "Mao Tse-tung").
Perlu dicatat bahwa istilah ''Pemikiran Mao Zedong'' lebih disukai oleh [[Partai Komunis Tiongkok]] (PKT) dan bahwa istilah ''Maoisme'' tidak pernah dipergunakan dalam terbitan-terbitan bahasa Inggrisnya kecuali dalam penggunaan [[peyoratif]]. Demikian pula, kelompok-kelompok Maois di luar Cina biasanya menyebut diri mereka [[Marxis-Leninis]] dan bukan Maois. Ini mencerminkan pandangan Mao bahwa ia tidak mengubah, melainkan hanya mengembangkan [[Marxisme-Leninisme]]. Namun, beberapa kelompok Maois, percaya bahwa teori-teori Mao telah memberikan tambahan berarti kepada dasar-dasar [[kanon]] [[Marxis]], dan karena itu menyebut diri mereka "Marxis-Leninis-Maois" (MLM) atau "Maois" saja.
Di RRT, pemikiran Mao Zedong adalah bagian dari doktrin resmi Partai Komunis Tiongkok, namun sejak [[1978]], permulaan pembaruan [[Deng Xiaoping]] yang berorientasi [[ekonomi pasar]], dengan konsep tampilnya ke barisan depan "[[sosialisme dengan ciri khas Cina]]" dalam politik, diberlakukanlah [[pembaruan ekonomi Cina]], dan definisi resmi serta pernaan [[ideologi]] asli Mao di RRT secara radikal telah diubah dan dikurangi (lihat ''[[Sejarah Cina]]''). Di luar RRT, istilah ''Maoisme'' digunakan sejak [[1960-an]], biasanya dalam pengertian yang negatif, untuk menggambarkan partai-partai atau orang-orang yang mendukung Mao Zedong dan bentuk [[komunisme]]nya. Sejak kematian Mao dan pembaruan oleh Deng, kebanyakan partai yang secara tegas menyebut dirinya "Maois" telah lenyap, namun berbagai kelompok komunis di seluruh dunia, khususnya yang bersenjata seperti [[Partai Komunis India (Maois)]], [[Partai Komunis Nepal (Maois)]] dan [[Tentara Rakyat Baru]] di [[Filipina]], terus memajukan gagasan-gagasan Maois dan memperoleh perhatian pers karenanya. Kelompok-kelompok ini biasanya berpendapat bahwa gagasan-gagasan Mao telah dikhianati sebelum sempat sepenuhnya atau dengan semestinya diterapkan.
Maoisme dan turunannya dengan kuat mendukung [[Uni Soviet]] dari era pra-[[Nikita Khruschev]] dan menganggap perkembangan dari [[Bahasa Rahasia]] telah memulai "[[revisionisme]]" dan "[[imperialisme-sosial]]" negara itu. Biasanya orang menganggap bahwa kaum Maois mengambil garis politik yang [[anti-revisionis]] dan yang umumnya lebih [[militan]] daripada "[[ko-eksistensi damai]]" yang diajukan oleh Soviet dan para pengikutnya setelah 1956. Biasanya kebanyakan Maois menganggap [[Joseph Stalin]] sebagai pemimpin sosialis sejati terakhir dari Uni Soviet.
Baris 12:
Berbeda dengan bentuk-bentuk [[Marxisme-Leninisme]] yang lebih awal, di mana kaum [[proletar]] perkotaan dianggap sebagai sumber utama revolusi, dan daerah pedesaan pada umumnya diabaikan, Mao memusatkan perhatian pada kaum buruh-tani sebagai kekuatan revolusioner yang utama, yang, menurutnya, dapat ''dipimpin'' oleh kaum proletari dan [[pengawal]]nya, PKT. Model untuk ini adalah for [[perang rakyat berkepanjangan]] yang dilakukan oleh komunis Cina di pedesaan pada 1920-an dan 1930-an, yang akhirnya mengantarkan PKT ke tampuk kekuasaan. Lebih jauh, berbeda dengan bentuk-bentuk Marxisme-Leninisme lain di mana pembangunan industri besar-besaran dipandang sebagai suatu kekuatan positif, Maoisme menjadikan pembangunan pedesaan keseluruhan sebagai prioritasnya. Mao merasa bahwa strategi ini masuk akal pada masa tahap-tahap awal sosialisme di sebuah Negara di mana kebanyakan rakyatnya adalah buruh-tani.
Berbeda dengan kebanyakan ideology politik lainnya, termasuk ideologi [[sosialis]] dan Marxis, Maoisme mengandung doktrin [[militer]] yang integral dan secara eksplisit menghubungkan ideologi politiknya dengan [[strategi militer]]. Dalam pemikiran Maois, "kekuasaan politik berasal dari moncong senapan " (salah satu kutipan ucapan Mao), dan kaum [[buruh-tani]] dapat dimobilisasi untuk melakukan "[[perang rakyat]]" dalam perjuangan bersenjata yang melibatkan [[perang gerilya]] dalam tiga tahap.
Tahap pertama melibatkan mobilisasi dan pengorganisasian kaum buruh-tani. Tahap kedua melibatkan pembanugnan wilayah basis di pedesaan dan peningkatan koordinasi di antara organisasi-organisasi [[perang gerilya|gerilya]]. Tahap ketiga melibatkan transisi ke [[perang konvensional]]. Doktrin militer Maois menyamakan pejuang gerilya dengan ikan yang berenang di sebuah lautan yang penuh dengan buruh tani, yang memberikan dukungan logistik.
Maoisme menekankan "mobilisasi massa yang revolusioner " (secara fisik memobilisasi sebagian besar penduduk dalam perjuangan demi sosialisme), [[Demokrasi Baru (konsep)|konsep tentang Demokrasi Baru]], dan [[Teori Angkatan Produktif]] sebagaimana yang diterapkan dalam industri-industri tingkat desa yang tidak tergantung dengan dunia luar (''lihat [[Lompatan Jauh ke Depan]]''). Dalam Maoisme, pengorganisasin yang cermat atas kekuatan militer dan ekonomi yang besar adalah perlu untuk mempertahankan wilayah revolusi dari ancaman luar, sementara [[sentralisasi]] menjaga agar korupsi dapat terus diawasi, di tengah-tengah kontrol yang kuat, dan kadang-kadang perubahan, melalui kaum revolusioner di ranah [[seni]] dan [[ilmu pengetahuan]].
Baris 31:
In addition, the party constitution has been rewritten to give the pragmatic ideas of Deng Xiaoping as much prominence as those of Mao. One consequence of this is that groups outside China which describe themselves as Maoist generally regard China as having repudiated Maoism and restored [[capitalism]], and there is a wide perception both in and out of China that China has abandoned Maoism. However, while it is now permissible to question particular actions of Mao and to talk about excesses taken in the name of Maoism, there is a prohibition in China on either publicly questioning the validity of Maoism or questioning whether the current actions of the CCP are "Maoist."
Although Mao Zedong Thought is still listed as one of the [[four cardinal principles]] of the People's Republic of China, its historical role has been re-assessed. The Communist Party now says that Maoism was necessary to break China free from its feudal past, but that the actions of Mao are seen to have led to excesses during the [[Cultural Revolution]]. The official view is that China has now reached an economic and political stage, known as the [[Socialism with Chinese characteristics|primary stage of socialism]], in which China faces new and different problems completely unforeseen by Mao, and as such the solutions that Mao advocated are no longer relevant to China's current conditions.
Both Maoist critics outside China and most Western commentators see this re-working of the definition of Maoism as providing an ideological justification for what they see as the restoration of the essentials of capitalism in China by Deng and his successors.
Mao himself is officially regarded by the CCP as a "great revolutionary leader" for his role in fighting the Japanese and creating the People's Republic of China, but Maoism as implemented between [[1959]] and [[1976]] is regarded by today's CCP as an economic and political disaster. In Deng's day, support of radical Maoism was regarded as a form of "left deviationism" and being based on a [[cult of personality]], although these 'errors' are officially attributed to the [[Gang of Four (China)|Gang of Four]] rather than to Mao himself.
Although these ideological categories and disputes are less relevant at the start of the 21st century, these distinctions were very important in the early 1980s, when the Chinese government was faced with the dilemma of how to allow economic reform to proceed without destroying its own legitimacy, and many argue that Deng's success in starting [[Chinese economic reform]] was in large part due to his being able to justify those reforms within a Maoist framework.
Baris 50:
[[Berkas:Mrppmaoismo.jpg|thumb|Portuguese [[MRPP]] poster]]
From [[1962]] onwards the challenge to the Soviet [[hegemony]] in the [[World Communist Movement]] made by the CCP resulted in various divisions in communist parties around the world. At an early stage, the [[Albanian Party of Labour]] sided with CCP. So did many of the [[mainstream]] (non-splinter group) communist parties in South-East Asia, like the [[Burmese Communist Party]], [[Communist Party of Thailand]], and [[Communist Party of Indonesia]]. Some Asian parties, like the [[Workers Party of Vietnam]] and the [[Workers Party of Korea]] attempted to take a middle-ground position.
In the west and south, a plethora of parties and organizations were formed that upheld links to the CCP. Often they took names such as ''Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist)'' or ''Revolutionary Communist Party'' to distinguish themselves from the traditional pro-Soviet communist parties. The pro-CCP movements were, in many cases, based amongst the wave of student radicalism that engulfed the world in the 1960s and 1970s.
Only one [[Western world|Western]] classic communist party sided with CCP, the [[Communist Party of New Zealand]]. Under the leadership of CCP and Mao Zedong, a parallel international communist movement emerged to rival that of the [[Soviets]], although it was never as formalized and homogeneous as the pro-Soviet tendency.
Baris 58:
After the death of Mao in [[1976]] and various power-struggles in China that followed, the international Maoist movement was, in rough terms, divided into three. One section supported — although not necessarily with great enthusiasm — the new Chinese leadership under [[Deng Xiaoping]]. This category was highly [[heterogeneous]]. Another section denounced the new leadership as traitors to the cause of Marxism-Leninism Mao Zedong Thought. A third section sided with the Albanians in denouncing the [[Three Worlds Theory]] of the CCP. (See [[Sino-Albanian Split]].)
The pro-Albanian category would effectively start to function as an international tendency of its own, led by [[Enver Hoxha]] and the APL. That tendency was able to amalgamate most of the groups in Latin America, such as the [[Communist Party of Brazil]].
The new Chinese leadership had little interest in the various foreign factions supporting Mao's China, and the movement fell into disarray. Many of the parties that had been [[fraternal party|fraternal parties]] of the Chinese government before 1975 either disbanded, abandoned the Chinese entirely, or even denounced [[Marxism-Leninism]] and developed into non-communist, [[social democratic]] parties. What is today sometimes referred to as the "international Maoist movement" evolved out of the second category — the parties that opposed Deng and claimed to uphold the legacy of Mao.
Baris 68:
==Maoism today==
Today the Maoist organizations grouped in RIM have their strongest hold in [[South Asia]], and are at the forefront of the armed struggles in [[Bangladesh]], and until recently [[Nepal]], where the Maoists signed a treaty to join the interim government. There are also lesser struggles going on in [[Peru]] and [[Turkey]].
In the [[Philippines]], the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]], which is not part of the RIM, leads an armed struggle through its military wing, the [[New People's Army]].
In Peru, the [[Shining Path]] remnants are fighting a sporadic people's war, however since the capture of their leader, [[Chairman Gonzalo]] in 1992, the Shining Path has crumbled.
| |||