Angkatan Bersenjata Nogorno-Karabakh: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{Infobox national military
Kii
| name = Angkatan Bersenjata Nagorno-Karabakh
| native_name = Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի Հանրապետության Պաշտպանության Բանակ
| image = [[File:Army NKR.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Lambang ABNKR
| headquarters = [[Stepanakert]]
| commander-in-chief = [[President of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic|President]] [[Bako Sahakyan]]
| minister = [[Lieutenant General]] [[Movses Hakobyan]]
| commander =
| active = 18,500 - 25,000
| reserve = 20,000 - 30,000<ref name="Blandy">Blandy, C. W. "[http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/arag/document-listings/caucasus/08(17)CWB.pdf Azerbaijan: Is War Over Nagornyy Karabakh a Realistic Option?]" Advanced Research and Assessment Group. Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Caucasus Series 08/17, 2008, p.16.</ref> <!-- Number of reserve personnel across all armed forces -->
|deployed =
|amount = ?
| percent_GDP = ?
| established = 9 Mei 1992
| branches = Army <br> Air Force <br> Air Defense
| age = 18
| manpower_age = 18–27
| fit =
| fit_f =
| reaching =
| reaching_f =
| conscription = 2 years
| foreign_suppliers =
| exports = <!-- Value of annual arms exports -->
| imports = <!-- Value of annual arms imports -->
<!-- Related articles -->
|history= '''[[Perang Nagorno-Karabakh]]''' (1988–1994)<br />[[2008 Mardakert skirmishes|Mardakert skirmishes]] (2008)<br />[[2010 Mardakert skirmish|Mardakert skirmish]] (2010)<br />[[2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes]]<br />[[2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes]]
}}
<!--
{{Infobox Military Unit
|unit_name = Angkatan Bersenjata Nagorno-Karabakh<br> Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի Հանրապետության Պաշտպանության Բանակ
|image = [[File:Army NKR.jpg|200px]]
|caption = NK Defense Army shoulder insignia
|dates = May 9, 1992 &ndash; Present
|country = [[File:Flag of Nagorno-Karabakh.svg|22px]] [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic|Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh]]
|allegiance =
|branch =
|type =
|role = Ground warfare, air support, air defense
|Active personnel = 18,500-20,000
|command_structure =
|garrison = Stepankert
|garrison_label = Headquarters
|patron =
|equipment =
|equipment_label =
|battles = '''[[Nagorno-Karabakh War]]''' <br> [[2008 Mardakert Skirimishes]] <br /> [[2010 Mardakert skirimish]]
|anniversaries =
|battle_honours =
|commander1 = [[Major General]] [[Movses Hakobyan]]
|commander1_label = Defense Minister
|commander2 =
|commander2_label =
}}
-->
 
'''Angkatan Bersenjata Nagorno-Karabakh''' ({{lang-hy|Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի Հանրապետության պաշտպանության բանակ, ''Lerrnayin Gharabaghi Hanrapetut’yan pashtpanut’yan banak''}}) adalah Angkatan Bersenjata Milik Republik Nagorno-Karabakh. di dirikan pada awal 1992, it united previously disorganized self-defense units which were formed in the early 1990s with the avowed goal of protecting the ethnic [[Armenians|Armenian]] population of Nagorno-Karabakh from the attacks by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Azerbaijan]]i armed forces.<ref>[http://www.nkrusa.org/country_profile/nkr_army.shtml Important Facts about the NKR Defence Army (Nagorno Karabakh Army)]. Office of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Washington D.C. Accessed November 27, 2009.</ref> The Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army is currently composed of around 20,000 well-trained and equipped officers and soldiers and maintains a "constant state of readiness, undergoing more serious combat training and operational exercises than any other former Soviet army."<ref name="AGBU">[[Richard Giragosian|Giragosian, Richard]]. "Armenia and Karabakh: One Nation, Two States." ''[[Armenian General Benevolent Union|AGBU Magazine]]'' 19/1 (May 2009), pp. 12-13.</ref>
 
== History==
===Establishment===
{{see also|Military history of Nagorno-Karabakh}}
The Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army was founded on May 9, 1992. It created "its own central command and military structure distinct from the [[Armenian Army]]."<ref>Dzelilovic, Vesna Bojicic. "From Humanitarianism to Reconstruction: Towards an Alternative Approach to Economic and Social Recovery from War" in ''Global Insecurity (Restructuring the Global Military Sector) , Vol. 3'', eds. Mary Kaldor and Basker Vashee. London: Pinter, 2000, p. 79.</ref> Its founders included [[Robert Kocharyan]] (the former president of Armenia, he was the first commander in chief of the Army);<ref name="dewaal">{{cite book
| last =De Waal
| first = Thomas
| authorlink = Thomas de Waal
| title = Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War
| publisher = New York University Press
| year = 2003
| pages = 196–197, 210
| location = New York
| isbn = 0-8147-1945-7}}</ref> [[Serzh Sargsyan]] (current president of Armenia); [[Vazgen Sargsyan]] (Armenia's Defense Minister 1992-93, State Minister in Charge of defence 1993-95, Armenia's Prime-Minister 1998-99);<ref name="dewaal"/> [[Monte Melkonian]] (responsible for [[Martuni Province|Martuni]] region);<ref name=Melkonian>A description of these units is found in {{cite book
| last = Melkonian
| first = Markar
| authorlink = Markar Melkonian
| title = [[My Brother's Road|My Brother's Road, An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia]]
| publisher = I. B. Tauris
| year = 2005
| pages = 184ff.
| location = New York
| isbn = 1-85043-635-5}}</ref> [[Samvel Babayan]] (Nagorno Karabakh's Defence Minister from 1994 to 2000) and others.<ref name="dewaal"/>
Many of the men who served in its ranks and in the officer corps during the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]] were seasoned veterans of the [[Soviet military]] and had fought with distinction in the Soviet war in Afghanistan.<ref name="AGBU"/>
 
===Nagorno-Karabakh War===
{{main|Nagorno-Karabakh War}}
The formal formation of the NKR Defense Army was rooted in the concept of the ''Jokat'' (volunteer [[Detachment (military)|detachment]]).<ref name=Melkonian /> With the early outbreak of hostilities prior to 1992, Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh began forming small detachments of volunteers, often self-described as ''[[Armenian irregular units|Fedayeen]]'', inheriting the name of the fighters who actively resisted the Ottoman Empire in the final decades of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries.
 
At the outset these detachments were small groups of no more than 12-40 men. For example, during ''[[Operation Ring]]'', [[Shahumyan]] was defended by a force as small as 22 men under the command of [[Tatul Krpeyan]]. These volunteer [[militia]] would initially arm themselves with whatever was available, including hunting shotguns borrowed from local farmers and even home-made rifles. In the later stages of the war, these units armed themselves with [[AK-47]]s, [[RPG-7|RPGs]] and sometimes portable [[anti-aircraft]] [[MANPAD]]s, transforming the defense force into a highly mobile and flexible force that was capable of waging [[guerilla warfare]]. Likewise, these units initially had no heavy military equipment, but later started taking over large quantities of Azerbaijani tanks and [[armored personnel carrier]]s that were abandoned on the battlefield. Most of these captured tanks and APCs later became part of the NKR Defense Army's equipment. Improvisation, multi-functionality, creativity, strong-morale, focus on defensive tactics, adaptation, flexibility, high-mobility and a native knowledge of the mountainous terrain are all important factors in understanding the combat success of these small units.
 
The initial purpose of these detachments, made up of volunteers, was mainly to defend Armenian civilian population, each in a particular village or town. Each of them was operating independently with no central command or leadership. Yet, these units would regularly collaborate in joint operations such as the battle of Khojaly in February 1992 or the June 1992 surprise counter-offensives during [[Nagorno-Karabakh War#Operation Goranboy|operation ''Goranboy'']]. The increasing scale and intensity of Azeri attacks, the devastation caused by [[BM-21 Grad|GRAD]] [[multiple rocket launcher]]s firing from [[Shushi]] and the [[Lachin corridor|Lachin]], the blockade from mainland [[Armenia]] had broadened the notion of [[National security|security]] beyond the mere defense of a small village. Capturing Shushi and Lachin as well as turning the tide of operation ''Goranboy'' became, for the Armenians, not only a matter of security, but that of survival.<ref>See Melkonian. ''My Brother's Road'', p. 225.</ref> For the successful conduct of such large-scale operations, the detachments had to be consolidated under a single, unified command.
 
Mient Jan Faber argues that "..August 1992 marked the watershed between purely voluntary Armenian Karabakh forces reinforced by volunteers from Armenia and an organised NKR army with its own central command and a military structure distinct from the Armenian army."<ref>Mient Jan Faber in Mary Kaldor, ''Global Insecurity: Restructuring the Global Military Sector, volume III'' UNU/WIDER, London and New York: Pinter, 2000, p. 79. ISBN 978-1-85567-644-2.</ref>
 
===Post war===
The Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army's primary role after the conclusion of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 is the protection of the NKR from foreign and domestic threats. Though the war ended with the signing of a [[cease fire]] between Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan and the ''de facto'' independence of the NKR, the Azerbaijani leadership has repeatedly threatened to restart hostilities to retake the region.<ref>"[http://asbarez.com/82329/azeri-assault-on-karabakh-outpost-kills-four-armenian-soldiers/ Azeri Assault on Karabakh Outpost Kills Four Armenian Soldiers]." ''Asbarez''. June 21, 2010. Retrieved June 22, 2010.</ref> Violations of the cease fire along the line of contact are frequent and often result in the deaths of several soldiers and civilians each year. One of the most significant breaches of the ceasefire occurred in [[Martakert]] on March 8, 2008, when up to sixteen soldiers were killed. Both sides accused the other of starting [[2008 Mardakert Skirmishes|the battle]].<ref>Yevgrashina, Lada and Hasmik Mkrtchyan. "[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L0572597.htm Azeris, Armenians spar after major Karabakh clash]". ''[[Reuters]]''. March 5, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2008.</ref> In June 2010, [[2010 Mardakert skirmish|new skirmishes]] broke out between Armenian and Azerbaijani troops along the line of contact, resulting in the deaths of four Armenian servicemen.<ref name="RFE">"[http://www.rferl.org/content/OSCE_EU_Condemn_Karabakh_Armed_Incident/2079009.html OSCE, EU Condemn Karabakh 'Armed Incident']." ''[[RFE/RL]]''. June 22, 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</ref> [[2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes|Clashes in summer 2014]] resulted in the deaths of six Armenian and thirteen Azerbaijani servicemen. On November 12, 2014, a Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army [[Mi-24]] attack helicopter participating in the week-long joint Armenian-NKR Unity 2014 military exercises was [[2014 Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army Mil Mi-24 shootdown|shot down]] by the Azerbaijani military, killing all three crew members.
 
==Ranks==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
 
===Officers===
*[[Colonel General]]<ref>"[http://www.uniforminsignia.net/index.php?option=com_insigniasearch&Itemid=53&state=138&search_id=main Ranks and Insignia]."</ref>
*[[Lieutenant General]]
*[[Major General]]
*[[Colonel]]
*[[Lieutenant-Colonel]]
*[[Major]]
*[[Captain (land)|Captain]]
*Senior Lieutenant ([[Lieutenant]])
*Lieutenant ([[Second Lieutenant]])
*Junior Lieutenant ([[Third Lieutenant]])
 
{{col-2}}
 
===Warrant Officers===
*[[Chief Warrant Officer]]
*[[Warrant Officer]]
 
===NCOs and Enlisted===
*[[Master Sergeant]]
*[[Staff Sergeant]]
*[[Sergeant]]
*[[Corporal]]
*[[Private 1st Class]]
*[[Private (rank)|Private]]
{{col-end}}
 
==Equipment==
 
The Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army's equipment consists of infantry, tanks, artillery and anti-aircraft systems. The Karabakh army's heavy military hardware includes:
* 316<ref name="DeRouen">DeRouen, Karl and [[Uk Heo]] (eds.) ''Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts since World War II''. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2007, p. 151.</ref>-371<ref name="Schmidt">Hans-Joachim Schmidt, "[http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/PRIF_MilitaryConfidenceBuildingAndArmsControlInUnresolvedTerritorialConflicts.pdf Military Confidence Building and Arms Control in Unresolved Territorial Conflicts]," PRIF Reports No 89, Frankfurt am Main,
2009, p.12.</ref> tanks,
* 224<ref name="DeRouen" />-459<ref name="Schmidt" /> armored vehicles,
* 322<ref name="DeRouen" />-479<ref name="Schmidt" /> artillery pieces of calibers over 122mm,
* 44 [[multiple rocket launcher]]s<ref name="DeRouen" /> (most likely [[BM-21 Grad]]), and
* a new anti-aircraft defense system of an unspecified type<ref name="DeRouen" />
* [[WM-80]]
* [[Scud-B]]: at least 4 launchers.
 
As for infantry weapon most rely on the [[AK-74]] rifle and older [[AKM]]s in reserve for standard issue rifles. While other basic weapons consists of [[Makarov PM]] pistols [[PK machine gun]]s and [[RPG-7]] rocket launchers mostly supplied by Armenia. The Nagorno-Karabakh military is deeply integrated with the [[Armed Forces of Armenia|Armenian military]], and the NKR depends on the [[Armenian Army]] to ensure its survival as an independent national entity. Armenia considers any act of aggression against Karabakh as an act of aggression against itself.<ref name="AGBU"/>
 
===Air Force===
The Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army maintains a small air-force with a personnel of around 250 men.<ref name="Blandy"/>
<!-- Due to the many conflicting and erroneous reports regarding aircraft types in NKR Air Force service, please do not edit this table without first posting the information and its source on the talk page. -->
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: left;"|Aircraft
! style="text-align: left;"|Type
! style="text-align: left;"|Active
! style="text-align: left;"|Notes
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Ground attack aircraft|Ground-Attack Aircraft]]'''
|-
| [[Sukhoi Su-25]]
| [[Close air support|Close air support aircraft]]
| '''2'''<ref name="Blandy"/>
|
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Attack helicopter|Attack Helicopters]]'''
|-
| [[Mil Mi-24]]
| Attack helicopter
| '''N/A'''
| During the military parades on 9 May 2007 and 2012, 5 [[Mi-24]] helicopters were on display as part of Nagorno-Karabakh's Air-Force. One Mi-24 belonging to the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army was shot down by the Azerbaijani military on November 12, 2014.
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | '''[[Airlift#Tactical airlift|Transport and Utility Helicopters]]'''
|-
| [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]]
| Medium transport helicopter
| '''5'''
| [[Advanced Research and Assessment Group]] of the [[Defence Academy of the United Kingdom]] reports that NKR Army has 5 other helicopters.<ref name="Blandy"/> These are most likely to be transport and utility helicopters. Indeed, in 2012 parade, 5 of Mi-8 helicopters were on display.
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="7" | [[Unmanned aircraft]]
|-
| [[Krunk UAV]]
| UAV
| '''4'''
| At least 2 new upgraded types of [[Krunk UAV]] shown on 2012 military parade in [[Stepanakert]]
|}
 
== See also ==
{{Commons category|Nagorno-Karabakh army}}
*[[Ranjau di Nagorno Karabakh]]
*[[Perang Nagorno-Karabakh]]
 
== External links ==
*[http://www.nkrusa.org/country_profile/nkr_army.shtml Important Facts about the NKR Defence Army (Nagorno Karabakh Army)]. Office of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Washington D.C.
*[http://nkrmil.am/main/en/index.html Official website of NKR Ministry of Defence]