Bencana kelaparan Soviet 1932–33
Bencana kelaparan Soviet 1932–33 adalah sebuah bencana kelaparan besar yang menewaskan jutaan orang di wilayah penghasil bahan pokok utama di Uni Soviet, termasuk Ukraina, Kaukasus Utara, Wilayah Volga dan Kazakhstan,[1] Pegunungan Ural Selatan, dan Barat Siberia.[2][3] Holodomor di Ukraina dan bencana kelaparan Kazakhstan 1932–1933 dipandang sebagai genosida yang dilakukan oleh pemerintahan Joseph Stalin; lebih dari 3 juta orang tewas di Ukraina dan 600,000 (15% dari seluruh orang Kazakh) tewas di Kazakhstan.[4][5][6]
Catatan sunting
Referensi sunting
- ^ Engerman, David. Modernization from the Other Shore (Google Books).
- ^ "Famine on the South Siberia". Human Science. RU: NSC. hlm. 15.
- ^ "Demographic aftermath of the famine in Kazakhstan". Weekly. RU: Demoscope. Jan 1, 2003.
- ^ NICCOLÒ PIANCIOLA (2001). "The Collectivization Famine in Kazakhstan, 1931–1933". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 25 (3–4): 237–251. JSTOR 41036834. PMID 20034146.
- ^ Volkava, Elena (2012-03-26). "The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33 and the Politics of History in the Post-Soviet Space". Wilson Center. Diakses tanggal 2015-07-09.
- ^ Татимов М. Б. Социальная обусловленность демографических процессов. Алма-Ата,1989. С.124
Sumber sunting
- Davies, RW; Wheatcroft, SG (2004), The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–33; Harrison, Davies, Wheatcroft 2004 (PDF) (review), UK: Warwick.
- Ellman, Michael (June 2007), "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited" (PDF), Europe-Asia Studies, Routledge, 59 (4): 663–93, doi:10.1080/09668130701291899, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-04-15, diakses tanggal 2018-01-02.
- Finn, Peter (April 27, 2008), "Aftermath of a Soviet Famine", The Washington Post.
- Kuromiya, Hiroaki (June 2008), "The Soviet Famine of 1932–1933 Reconsidered", Europe-Asia Studies, 60 (4): 663–75, doi:10.1080/09668130801999912.
- Luciuk, Lubomyr Y, ed, Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine in Soviet Ukraine, Kingston, Kashtan Press, 2008
- Markoff, A (1933), Famine in USSR.
- Thorson, Carla (May 5, 2003), The Soviet Famine of 1931–33: Politically Motivated or Ecological Disaster?, UCLA International Institute.
- Wheatcroft, SG (April 1990), "More light on the scale of repression and excess mortality in the Soviet Union in the 1930s" (PDF), Soviet Studies, Tripod.
- Kondrashin, Viktor, ed. (2009), Famine in the Soviet Union 1929–1934 (PDF) (slide stack), Katz, Nikita B transl. docs.; Dolgova, Alexandra transl. note from compilers; Glizchinskaya, Natalia design, RU: Russian Archives, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2009-03-19.