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Daftar juara Scripps National Spelling Bee

Artikel utama: Scripps National Spelling Bee

Scripps National Spelling Bee (dulu disebut Scripps Howard National Spelling Bee dan sering disebut sebagai National Spelling Bee) adalah kompetisi mengeja tertinggi yang diadakan di Amerika Serikat, dengan peserta yang juga berasal dari negara lain. Kompetisi ini dijalankan oleh basis organisasi nirlaba yang dijalankan oleh The E.W. Scripps Company dan dihelat seminggu setelah Hari Peringatan, biasanya diadakan di Grand Hyatt Ballroom yang terletak di Washington, D.C., Amerika Serikat. Biasanya, kompetisi ini terbuka untuk seluruh pemenang kompetisi mengeja lokal yang diadakan sponsor di Amerika Serikat. Lambat laut, kompetisi mulai diikuti berbagai negara, yaitu Kanada, Meksiko, Jamaika, Selandia Baru, Guam, U.S. Virgin Islands, Samoa Amerika, Ghana, Benua Eropa (khususnya Jerman), Korea Selatan, Bahama, dan Arab Saudi.

Kompetisi ini ditayangkan oleh ESPN sejak tahun 1994, dan kemudian oleh ABC Sports sampai sekarang.[1][1][2]

National Spelling Bee merupakan kompetisi lisan yang diadakan dengan sistem eliminasi langsung sampai akhirnya tersisa satu peserta. Putaran Pertama terdiri dari tes tulis sebanyak 25 kata, sedangkan sisanya merupakan tes lisan. Pernah terjadi juara bersama sebanyak tiga kali – pada tahun 1950, 1957, dan 1962. Berdasarkan keterangan tahun 2010, empat puluh lima juara berjenis kelamin perempuan, sedangkan empat puluh satu juara berjenis kelamin laki-laki.

Daftar juara sunting

Tahun Kata pemenang Pemenang Sponsor Lokasi sponsor Catatan[3]
1925 gladiolus Frank Neuhauser Louisville Courier-Journal Louisville, Kentucky [4]
1926 cerise Pauline Bell Louisville Courier-Journal Louisville, Kentucky
1927 luxuriance[A] Dean Lucas Akron Beacon Journal Akron, Ohio
1928 albumen Betty Robinson South Bend Tribune South Bend, Indiana [5]
1929 asceticism[A] Virginia Hogan Omaha World-Herald Omaha, Nebraska [6][7]
1930 fracas Helen Jensen Des Moines Register & Tribune Des Moines, Iowa [8]
1931 foulard Ward Randall White Hall Register-Republican White Hall, Illinois [9]
1932 knack Dorothy Greenwalk Des Moines Register & Tribune Des Moines, Iowa [8]
1933 torsion Alma Roach Akron Beacon Journal Akron, Ohio
1934 deteriorating Sarah Wilson Portland Evening Express Portland, Maine
1935 intelligible Clara Mohler Akron Beacon Journal Akron, Ohio
1936 interning Jean Trowbridge Des Moines Register & Tribune Des Moines, Iowa
1937 promiscuous Waneeta Beckley Louisville Courier-Journal Louisville, Kentucky
1938 sanitarium Marian Richardson Louisville Times Louisville, Kentucky
1939 canonical Elizabeth Ann Rice Worcester Telegram & Gazette Worcester, Massachusetts
1940 therapy Laurel Kuykendall The Knoxville News-Sentinel Knoxville, Tennessee [8]
1941 initials Louis Edward Sissman Detroit News Detroit, Michigan [10]
1942 sacrilegious Richard Earnhart El Paso Herald-Post El Paso, Texas
1943–1945 Dibatalkan karena Perang Dunia II
1946 semaphore John McKinney Des Moines Register & Tribune Des Moines, Iowa [11]
1947 chlorophyll Mattie Lou Pollard Atlanta Journal Atlanta, Georgia [12]
1948 psychiatry Jean Chappelear Akron Beacon Journal Akron, Ohio [13]
1949 dulcimer Kim Calvin Canton Repository Canton, Ohio
1950 meticulosity Diana Reynard[B] Cleveland Press Cleveland, Ohio [14]
1950 meticulosity Colquitt Dean[B] Atlanta Journal Atlanta, Georgia [14]
1951 insouciant Irving Belz Memphis Press Scimitar Memphis, Tennessee
1952 vignette Doris Ann Hall Winston-Salem Journal Winston-Salem, North Carolina [15]
1953 soubrette Elizabeth Hess Arizona Republic Phoenix, Arizona
1954 transept William Cashore Norristown Times Herald Norristown, Pennsylvania
1955 crustaceology Sandra Sloss St. Louis Globe-Democrat St. Louis, Missouri [16]
1956 condominium Melody Sachko Pittsburgh Press Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [17]
1957 schappe Dana Bennett[C] Rocky Mountain News Denver, Colorado [18]
1957 schappe Sandra Owen[C] Canton Repository Canton, Ohio [18]
1958 syllepsis Jolitta Schlehuber Topeka Daily Capital Topeka, Kansas
1959 catamaran Joel Montgomery Rocky Mountain News Denver, Colorado [19]
1960 eudaemonic Henry Feldman The Knoxville News-Sentinel Knoxville, Tennessee [20]
1961 smaragdine John Capehart Tulsa Tribune Tulsa, Oklahoma [21][22]
1962 esquamulose Nettie Crawford[D] El Paso Herald-Post El Paso, Texas
1962 esquamulose Michael Day[D] St. Louis Globe-Democrat St. Louis, Missouri
1963 equipage Glen Van Slyke III The Knoxville News-Sentinel Knoxville, Tennessee [20]
1964 sycophant William Kerek Akron Beacon Journal Akron, Ohio
1965 eczema Michael Kerpan Jr. Tulsa Tribune Tulsa, Oklahoma [22]
1966 ratoon Robert A. Wake Houston Chronicle Houston, Texas
1967 chihuahua Jennifer Reinke The Omaha World-Herald Omaha, Nebraska
1968 abalone Robert L. Walters The Topeka Daily Capital Topeka, Kansas [23]
1969 interlocutory Susan Yoachum Dallas Morning News Dallas, Texas
1970 croissant Libby Childress Winston-Salem Journal & Sentinel Winston-Salem, Carolina Utara [24]
1971 shalloon Jonathan Knisely Philadelphia Bulletin Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [25]
1972 macerate Robin Kral Lubbock Avalanche-Journal Lubbock, Texas [26]
1973 vouchsafe Barrie Trinkle[E] Fort Worth Press Fort Worth, Texas [27]
1974 hydrophyte Julie Ann Junkin Birmingham Post-Herald Birmingham, Alabama
1975 incisor Hugh Tosteson San Juan Star San Juan, Puerto Riko [28]
1976 narcolepsy Tim Kneale Syracuse Herald-Journal Syracuse, New York [29]
1977 cambist John Paola The Pittsburgh Press Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1978 deification Peg McCarthy The Topeka Capital-Journal Topeka, Kansas [30]
1979 maculature Katie Kerwin Rocky Mountain News Denver, Colorado [31]
1980 elucubrate Jacques Bailly[E] Rocky Mountain News Denver, Colorado [32]
1981 sarcophagus Paige Pipkin[E] El Paso Herald-Post El Paso, Texas [33]
1982 psoriasis Molly Dieveney Rocky Mountain News Denver, Colorado
1983 Purim Blake Giddens[E] El Paso Herald-Post El Paso, Texas [34]
1984 luge Daniel Greenblatt Loudoun Times-Mirror Leesburg, Virginia [35]
1985 milieu Balu Natarajan Chicago Tribune Chicago, Illinois [36]
1986 odontalgia Jon Pennington The Patriot News Harrisburg, Pennsylvania [37][38]
1987 staphylococci Stephanie Petit The Pittsburgh Press Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [39]
1988 elegiacal Rageshree Ramachandran The Sacramento Bee Sacramento, California [40]
1989 spoliator Scott Isaacs Rocky Mountain News Denver, Colorado [41]
1990 fibranne Amy Marie Dimak The Seattle Times Seattle, Washington [42]
1991 antipyretic Joanne Lagatta Wisconsin State Journal Madison, Wisconsin [43]
1992 lyceum Amanda Goad The Richmond News Leader Richmond, Virginia [44]
1993 kamikaze Geoff Hooper The Commercial Appeal Memphis, Tennessee [45]
1994 antediluvian Ned G. Andrews The Knoxville News-Sentinel Knoxville, Tennessee [20]
1995 xanthosis Justin Tyler Carroll The Commercial Appeal Memphis, Tennessee [46]
1996 vivisepulture Wendy Guey The Palm Beach Post West Palm Beach, Florida [47]
1997 euonym Rebecca Sealfon New York Daily News New York [48]
1998 chiaroscurist Jody-Anne Maxwell Phillips & Phillips Stationery Suppliers Kingston, Jamaica [49][50]
1999 logorrhea Nupur Lala The Tampa Tribune Tampa, Florida [51][52]
2000 demarche George Thampy[E] St. Louis Post-Dispatch St. Louis, Missouri [53]
2001 succedaneum Sean Conley Aitkin Independent Age Aitkin, Minnesota [54]
2002 prospicience Pratyush Buddiga Rocky Mountain News Denver, Colorado [55]
2003 pococurante Sai R. Gunturi The Dallas Morning News Dallas, Texas [56]
2004 autochthonous David Tidmarsh South Bend Tribune South Bend, Indiana [57]
2005 appoggiatura Anurag Kashyap San Diego Union-Tribune San Diego, California [58]
2006 ursprache Kerry Close Asbury Park Press/Home News Tribune Spring Lake, New Jersey [59]
2007 serrefine Evan O'Dorney Contra Costa Times Walnut Creek, California [60]
2008 guerdon Sameer Mishra Journal and Courier West Lafayette, Indiana [61]
2009 Laodicean Kavya Shivashankar The Olathe News Olathe, Kansas [62]
2010 stromuhr Anamika Veeramani The Plain Dealer Cleveland, Ohio
2011 cymotrichous Sukanya Roy Times Leader Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania [62][63]
2012 guetapens Snigdha Nandipati U-T San Diego San Diego, California

Catatan sunting

A Meskipun situs resmi Scripps National Spelling Bee memberikan kata pemenang Dean Lucas sebagai "luxuriance", dan kata pemenang Virginia Hogan adalah "asceticism", 2 artikel dari Majalah Time dan The New York Times tahun 1929 menyebutkan bahwa kata pemenang Virginia Hogan tahun 1929 "luxuriance", sedangkan kata pemenang Dean Lucas adalah "asceticism".[6][7]
B Juara bersama diumumkan setelah peserta mengeja semua kata dalam daftar.[14]
C Juara bersama diumumkan setelah Sandra Owen tereliminasi setelah mengeja "xylophagus" sebagai "xylophagous", dengan juri kemudian mengakui bahwa itu merupakan salah satu varian ejaan berbeda (dan ia juga mengeja kata pemenangnya, "schappe" salah sebagai "schaup").[18]
D Juara bersama telah diumumkan.[3]
E Trinkle, Bailly, Pipkin, Giddens, dan Thampy sekarang bekerja sebagai staf panitia kompetisi.[27]

Fakta unik sunting

Referensi sunting

  1. ^ a b "Final rounds of Scripps National Spelling Bee to be broadcast live on ABC during primetime" (Siaran pers). E. W. Scripps Company. 2006-04-27. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-08. 
  2. ^ "2007 Scripps National Spelling Bee begins today in Washington, D.C." (Siaran pers). E. W. Scripps Company. 2007-05-30. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-08.  "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-06. Diakses tanggal 2011-03-20. 
  3. ^ a b "Champions and Their Winning Words". Scripps National Spelling Bee. 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-11-17. Diakses tanggal 2009-05-29. 
  4. ^ "National Spelling Bee History". Kentucky Derby Festival. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-10-23. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-04. 
  5. ^ "2005-06 SBCSC Spelling Bee". South Bend Community School Corporation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-04. 
  6. ^ a b "Bee". Time magazine. June 3, 1929. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-05. 
  7. ^ a b "OMAHA GIRL WINS FINAL SPELLING BEE" (note: fee required). The New York Times. May 22, 1929. hlm. 29. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-05. 
  8. ^ a b c Dickson, Terry (2005-05-23). "'Absurdly long words' become 14-year-old's focus". The Florida Times-Union. Jacksonville, Florida: Morris Communications. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-05. 
  9. ^ Corbiskey, Olivia (2007-02-26). "Lee, Ogle county spellers to square off on Thursday". Daily Gazette. Sauk Valley Newspapers. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-05. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  10. ^ Choate, Trish (2007-05-30). "Spelling bee facts, figures". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Topeka, Kansas: Morris Communications. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-05. 
  11. ^ Peker, Emre (2007-05-30). "Iowans buzz out after first round in Spelling Bee". Medill Reports. Evanston, Illinois. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-05. 
  12. ^ "Spelldown". Time Magazine. June 9, 1947. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-05. 
  13. ^ "Toboggan to Psychiatry". Time Magazine. June 7, 1948. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-05. 
  14. ^ a b c "Gnarled with a "K"". Time Magazine. June 5, 1950. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. 
  15. ^ "Doris Goes to Washington". Time Magazine. June 2, 1952. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. 
  16. ^ "No. 49". Time Magazine. May 30, 1955. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. 
  17. ^ "O as in Condominium". Time Magazine. May 28, 1956. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. 
  18. ^ a b c "O-R-D-E-A-L in Washington". Time Magazine. June 17, 1957. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. 
  19. ^ "Spellbound". Time Magazine. June 22, 1959. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. 
  20. ^ a b c "'Mark Twain on Postcards' lecture at AMSE". The Oak Ridger. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Morris Communications. 2005-04-01. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-01-30. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. 
  21. ^ "Spellbinder". Time Magazine. June 9, 1961. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. 
  22. ^ a b Sargent, Brian (2007-05-27). "Two eighth-graders spell their way to national bee". The Oklahoman. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. Oklahoma's last win was in 1965, when Michael Kerpan Jr. correctly spelled "eczema." Oklahoma's only other national champion was crowned in 1961, when John Capehart spelled "smaragdine." 
  23. ^ Stoll, Kasha (2006-03-28). "Kansas spelling bee controversy resolved". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Topeka, Kansas: Morris Communications. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. The Topeka Capital-Journal has sponsored three national champions. 1958: Jolitta Schlehuber "Syllepsis"; 1968: Robert Walters "Abalone"; 1978: Peg McCarthy "Deification" 
  24. ^ Vick, Justin (2007-05-31). "Whaley advances in Scripps National Spelling Bee". Independent Tribune. Concord, North Carolina/Kannapolis, North Carolina: Media General. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-01-26. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. North Carolina hasn’t produced a national spelling bee champion since 1970, when Libby Childress of Winston-Salem correctly spelled "croissant." 
  25. ^ Capuzzo, Jill (2006-06-03). "For New Jersey 8th Grader, 'Ursprache' Means Fame (Correction Appended)" (note: login required). The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. An article on Saturday about Katharine Close, 13, the winner of the 79th annual Scripps National Spelling Bee, included incorrect information from spelling bee officials about her victory. She is the second New Jersey resident to win, not the first. (In 1971, Jonathan Knisely, then of Mullica Hill, N.J., won.) 
  26. ^ Glass, Ray (2001-03-13). "W-I-N-N-E-R". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Lubbock, Texas: Morris Communications. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-03. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. 
  27. ^ a b "Officials and Staff". Scripps National Spelling Bee. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-01-16. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. 
  28. ^ Archibold, Randal (1998-05-29). "Placed in the Shadows By a Chiaroscurist" (note: login required). The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. The only previous winner from beyond the mainland United States was Hugh Tosteson of Puerto Rico, who won in 1975 by spelling incisor (a cutting tooth). 
  29. ^ Amith, Howard K. (June 10, 1976). "National Spelling Bee / Kneale". ABC Evening News. ABC. 
  30. ^ Grenz, Chris (2000-05-31). "Name puzzles, but 'bee' captivates crowd". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Topeka, Kansas. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. 
  31. ^ "OUR SUPERSTAR". Rocky Mountain News. Denver, Colorado: E. W. Scripps Company. 2006-04-26. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  32. ^ Foley, Kevin (2003-05-21). "King Bee". The View. University of Vermont. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  33. ^ Miller, Mary (2002-01-13). "A Study in Determination". American Profile. Franklin, Tennessee. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  34. ^ Strauss, Valerie (2007-05-23). "How does Bee spell 'success'? G-e-n-e-s, s-t-u-d-y, l-u-c-k". The Arizona Republic. Phoenix, Arizona: Gannett Company. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  35. ^ "Little River's Labh Wins 25th Loudoun County Spelling Bee". Loudoun County Public Schools. Ashburn, Virginia. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. [Elizabeth] Greenblatt is the mother of Daniel Greenblatt, who won the first two Loudoun County spelling bees and the 1984 national spelling bee. 
  36. ^ Berger, Joseph (2005-06-05). "Striving in America, and in the Spelling Bee". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  37. ^ Healy, Rita (2007-05-19). "1986: JON PENNINGTON". Time Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-03-07. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  38. ^ "Remarks on Greeting the National Spelling Bee Finalists". Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. National Archives and Records Administration. May 30, 1986. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (Speech transcript) tanggal 2008-06-07. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. 
  39. ^ Healy, Rita (2007-05-19). "1987: STEPHANIE PETIT". Time Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-03-06. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  40. ^ Healy, Rita (2007-05-19). "1988: RAGESHREE RAMACHANDRAN". Time Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-03-09. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  41. ^ Healy, Rita (2007-05-19). "1989: SCOTT ISAACS". Time Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-04-13. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  42. ^ Healy, Rita (2007-05-19). "1990: AMY MARIE DIMAK". Time Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-04-13. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  43. ^ Healy, Rita (2007-05-19). "1991: JOANNE LAGATTA". Time Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-02-20. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  44. ^ Healy, Rita (2007-05-19). "1992: AMANDA GOAD". Time Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-04-13. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  45. ^ "8th Grader Wins a Contest, Saying, Oh, It Was E-A-S-Y" (note: login required). The New York Times. 1993-06-04. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  46. ^ "Arkansas 14-year-old wins 68th annual Scripps Howard Spelling Bee". The Minnesota Daily. 1995-06-02. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2005-04-28. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  47. ^ Bill Hemell (anchor/interviewer) (2002-05-29). "National Spelling Bee Right Now Under Way". American Morninghttp://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0205/29/ltm.11.html |transcripturl= tidak memiliki judul (bantuan). CNN. 
  48. ^ "Excited Brooklyn girl wins National Spelling Bee with 'euonym'". CNN.com. 1997-05-29. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-02-24. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  49. ^ "Jamaican girl crowned national spelling champ". CNN.com. 1998-05-28. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-02-13. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  50. ^ "Spelling her way to success: first black winner of championship is celebrity in Jamaica - Judy-Anne Maxwell wins 1998 National Spelling Bee". Ebony. Johnson Publishing. October 1998. 
  51. ^ Bancroft, Colette (2003-06-05). "Spelling's busy bee". St. Petersburg Times. St. Petersburg, Florida: Times Publishing Company. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  52. ^ Gazella, Katie. "Spelling champ-turned U-M student finds fame is enduring". Michigan Today. University of Michigan. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  53. ^ Gudrais, Elizabeth (September 26, 2005). "Homeschoolers brush off criticism". The Providence Journal. A. H. Belo. Diakses tanggal June 14, 2010. 
  54. ^ "'Succedaneum' the winning word in spelling bee". CNN.com. 2001-05-31. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  55. ^ "Colo. student wins spelling bee with 'prospicience'". USA Today. McLean, Virginia: Gannett Company. 2002-05-31. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  56. ^ Groppe, Maureen (2003-05-30). "At U.S. Spelling Bee, a Prize for 'Pococurante'". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  57. ^ "Indiana boy wins National Spelling Bee". MSNBC. 2004-06-03. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  58. ^ "Anurag Kashyap Wins National Spelling Bee". Fox News Channel. 2005-06-05. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-07. 
  59. ^ Superville, Darlene (2006-06-02). "13-Year-Old From New Jersey Wins National Spelling Bee: Katharine Close Is First Girl to Win Competition Since 1999". AOL. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  60. ^ Joyce N. Boghosian (2007). "President George W. Bush stands with 14-year-old Evan O'Dorney". White House. U.S. Government. Diakses tanggal 2008-03-06. 
  61. ^ White, Joseph (2008-05-31). "Indiana boy spells 'guerdon' to win national bee". Washington, D.C.: Yahoo!. Associated Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-03. Diakses tanggal 2008-05-31. 
  62. ^ a b "13-year-old Kansan wins National Spelling Bee". Associated Press. May 28, 2009. Diakses tanggal 2009-05-29. 
  63. ^ "Scripps National Spelling Bee: Round-by-Round Results". Scripps National Spelling Bee. 2011-06-02. Diakses tanggal 2011-06-03. [pranala nonaktif permanen]

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